室内潮湿与上海学龄前儿童哮喘及其相关病症的关联性调查研究

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上海儿童的哮喘及其相关病症发病率近几十年内持续增长。我国儿科哮喘
协作组调研结果表明:上海地区 014 岁儿童的哮喘发病率持续居于全国儿童哮
喘发病率首位,其 2000 年的哮喘发病率(3.34%)是 1990 (1.5%)的近 2.2 倍,
而至 2006 8月;上海市疾病预防控制中心的调研结果表明上海 614 岁儿童的
哮喘患病率已升至 5.92%其增长速度惊人。由于人类基因不可能在短时间内发生
改变,因此探寻环境对儿童哮喘及其相关症状的影响显得尤为重要。
相较于室外,人类居于室内的时间更长。室内环境的优较室外环境更能影
响儿童的健康。上海地区由于其独特的北亚热带季风性气候特征和靠江靠海的地
理位置,其室内潮湿问题(发霉可见性湿斑、室内水损坏、窗户内结露)较为
突出、严重。潮湿可造成物理危害、化学危害和生物危害,可增加居民咳嗽、喘
息甚至哮喘的风险。
本文的研究内容为全国儿童健康和室内环境课题组(CCHHChina, Children,
Homes, Health)上海地部分调研结果的分析讨论。研究主要目的为探寻室内潮
湿各类表征与上海学龄前儿童哮喘及其相关症状间的关联;并分析多种环境因素
影响下,室内潮湿表征对儿童哮喘等症状的影响程度。本文以上海地区 18岁儿
童为调研对象,通过横断面调查的方式,对上海市 6个行政区 88 家幼儿园展开问
卷调查。其中杨浦区作为本次预调查区域,不计入本次数据分析范围内。最后通
分析 515266 儿童的健康和室内潮湿信息,发现上海儿童喘息发病率为
27.5%夜晚出现干咳的比率为 19.0%,医生确诊哮喘的发病率已至 9.7%,哮吼
的发病率为 7.5%室内潮湿中:发霉 7.9%湿斑 15.2%水损坏在过去一年和一
年以前分别为 8.6% 9.4%冬季窗户内结露现象约为 54.9%目前儿童的健康状
况及室内潮湿现状令人担忧!
本文以 SPSS17.0 统计软件为分析工具,
Logistic 回归和交叉表为主要方法,
出对儿童哮喘等症状显著影响的因素并进行共线性检验分析,以建立回归模型
析潮湿和儿童哮喘症状间的关联。结果表明:家族遗传是儿童哮喘的主要致因,
室内潮湿表征(发霉、湿斑、窗户内结露、水损坏)对儿童哮喘并无直接影响;
但潮湿表征中发霉、湿斑、窗户内结露儿童喘息、夜晚干咳和哮吼等症状有正
相关。相对于家族遗传的影响度,室内潮湿表征的影响度为其 18%74%
关键词:儿童哮喘,室内潮湿,关联性研究,Logistic 回归模型,哮
喘相关症状
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ABSTRACT
The prevalence of asthma and related symptoms for Shanghai children has been
increasing duirng the last decades. Results of National Cooperation Group on Childhood
Asthma in China showed that Shanghai children, aged 014 years old, suffer asthma
most in both two surveys in China, its prevalence is about 1.2 times higher in 1990(1.5%)
than that in 2000(3.34%). And according to the report of SCDC Shanghai Municipal
Center for Disease Control & Prevention
in Augest, 2006, the prevalence of asthma was
5.92% for children aged 614 years old which is about one times higher than that in
2000. Obviously, this period is too short for gene to change, so it can‟t depend on the gene
only to explain the fast development of asthma during such a short period, more attention
should be focused on the environmental factors and the association between them.
Human beings spend much more time indoors than outdoors. So the quality of indoor
environment means a lot to human health which may cause the direct effect. Because of
its special location which is near both river and sea, and its special north subtropical
monsoon climate, shanghai indoor environment has more dampness indicators like mold,
dampness spot, water damage and consendation on window than most cities in China
which can cause physical, chemical and biological influences and increase the risk of
cough, wheezing and asthma of the residents.
As part of CCHH (China, Children, Homes, Health) study, this study focused on the
association between dampness indicators and asthma symptoms as well as the multifactor
effects of dampness to children. To get enough data, a cross-sectional study was started in
88 kindergartens of 6 districts in Shanghai. 15266 Chlidren aged 18 years old from 5
districts except Yangpu district were analyzed in this study. It was found that the
prevalences of wheezing, dry cough, doctor-diagnosed asthma and croup were 27.5%,
19.0%, 9.7% and 7.5% respectively. And the dampness indicators of mould, dampness
spot, water damage in the last 12months, water damage before one year and condensation
on window were 7.9%, 15.2%, 8.6%, 9.4% and 54.9% respectively. These data shows
that both the children health and indoor dampness are worrying.
Based on Logistic regression and crossbats in SPSS 17.0, the related factors of
children asthma would be listed one by one as well as the colinearity test among these
factors would be taken to build up the final Logistic regression model for better analyzing
the association between dampness and asthma symptoms. This final Logistic regression
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model would consider the multifactor effects of dampness to make its effect on children
asthma clear. It shows that the inheritance is the main reason for the children asthma. And
the effect of home damoness (mould, dampness spot, condensation on window, water
damage) disappeared after the multifactor effect of home dampness. However, the home
dampness like mold, dampness spot and condensation on window can increase the risk of
wheezing, dry cough and croup of children. And compared with the inheritance, the
influence of dampness indicators on children asthma equals about 18% 74%
inheritance effects on children asthma.
Key Word: Children asthma, Home dampness, Association, Logistic
regression model, Asthma related symptoms
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中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论 ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景及意义 .................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 哮喘及其患病率的发展趋势 .................................................................... 1
1.1.2 引发哮喘的原因——遗传和环境 ............................................................ 3
1.2 国内外潮湿问题的研究现状 .............................................................................. 5
1.2.1 室内潮湿环境的形成和相关影响 ............................................................ 5
1.2.2 室内潮湿对居民健康的危害 .................................................................... 8
1.3 课题背景和研究内容 ........................................................................................ 11
1.3.1 课题来源 .................................................................................................. 11
1.3.2 论文研究目标 .......................................................................................... 12
1.3.3 论文研究内容 .......................................................................................... 13
第二章 问卷调研——潮湿与健康信息获取 ............................................................... 15
2.1 流行病学研究方法确定 ..................................................................................... 15
2.2 室内潮湿与儿童健康的信息获取 ..................................................................... 17
2.2.1 问卷内容 .................................................................................................. 17
2.2.2 问卷量 ...................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 问卷调研 .................................................................................................. 21
2.2.4 数据录入和审核 ...................................................................................... 21
2.3 本章小结 ............................................................................................................. 23
第三章 上海儿童哮喘与室内潮湿现状 ....................................................................... 24
3.1 分析用理论和方法 ............................................................................................ 24
3.1.1 频率分析 .................................................................................................. 26
3.1.2 交叉列联表分析 ...................................................................................... 26
3.2 上海室内潮湿现状 ............................................................................................ 32
3.3 哮喘现状 ............................................................................................................ 37
3.3.1 问卷对象概述 .......................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 上海儿童哮喘及相关症状 ...................................................................... 39
3.3.3 影响上海儿童哮喘的相关因素估计 ...................................................... 41
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3.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................................ 51
第四章 儿童哮喘与室内潮湿的关联性分析 ............................................................... 54
4.1 分析用理论和方法 ............................................................................................ 54
4.1.1 Logistic 回归模型 .................................................................................... 55
4.1.2 交叉表的风险评估 .................................................................................. 57
4.1.3 Logistic 回归模型评价 ............................................................................ 58
4.2 相关因素与儿童哮喘关联性分析 .................................................................... 64
4.2.1 二元逻辑回归(单因素) ...................................................................... 65
4.2.2 因素共线性检查 ...................................................................................... 66
4.2.3 多元逻辑回归数学模型 .......................................................................... 69
4.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................................ 74
第五章 结论和展望 ....................................................................................................... 76
5.1 结论 .................................................................................................................... 76
5.2 不足和展望 ........................................................................................................ 78
附录 A ............................................................................................................................. 81
参考文献 ......................................................................................................................... 90
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ............................................. 97
............................................................................................................................... 98
第一章 绪论
1
第一章 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.1.1 哮喘及其患病率的发展趋势
支气管哮喘(以下简称哮喘)是由多种细胞特别是肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞
T淋巴细胞参与的慢性气道炎症,其特征是气道高反应性和支气管痉挛,临床
症状上表现为反复发作的喘息气促、咳嗽、气短和胸闷等[1]目前,其发病机制还
不完全清楚,有包括:变态反应、气道慢性炎症、气道高反应性、气道神经调节
失常、遗传机制、呼吸道病毒感染、神经信号转导机制和气道重构及其相互作用
[2]随着研究进程的深入,哮喘越来越得到人们的关注。目前,支气管哮喘是儿
童常见的慢性气道炎症,也是当今最常见的慢性肺部疾病,其患病率及其死亡
均呈上升趋势。为提高全球对哮喘的认识,增强患者及公众对该疾病的防治和管
理,全球哮喘防治创议委员会GINAGlobal Initiative for Asthma与健康护理小
组及哮喘教育者已将每年 5月的第一个周二定为全球哮喘日[3]
1998 年,联合国世界卫生组织WHOWorld Health Organization)估计全球哮
喘患者 1.55 亿;2000 年,全球哮喘防治创议委员会(GINA)根据其在 80 个国家
的流行病学研究中收集到的标准化数据估计全球患者有 3亿。支气管哮喘的发病
率有很大地域差异,欧洲呼吸道疾病研究协会(ECRSHEuropean Committee of
Respiratory Health Study曾对呼吸道和过敏性疾病的患病情况调查,结果表明[4]
2044 岁的成人中,美国和澳大利亚国家居民的呼吸道疾病和哮喘患病率最高,
印度患病率最低,而北欧、西欧和英国居民的患病率偏高,希腊、意大利、西班
牙、葡萄牙、阿尔利亚等地中海国家哮喘和呼吸道疾病患病率较低;而对于儿童,
其在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家,其哮喘患病率可高达 2030%;而在罗马
尼亚、希腊、中国等地区,儿童哮喘患病率却只有 25%
2010 年,美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDCCenters for Disease Control)公布
的最新数据显示[5]:美国哮喘病患者已占总人口的 7.85%,并以每三年 0.5%的速
度增长。且 Beggs[6]人认为即便各地域的生活方式、种族等各不相同,但哮喘在
世界大部分地区将会呈现增长趋势。图 1-1 显示了自 1956 年以来世界各地的哮喘
患病率均呈现了增长的情况。
摘要:

V摘要上海儿童的哮喘及其相关病症发病率在近几十年内持续增长。我国儿科哮喘协作组调研结果表明:上海地区0~14岁儿童的哮喘发病率持续居于全国儿童哮喘发病率首位,其2000年的哮喘发病率(3.34%)是1990年(1.5%)的近2.2倍,而至2006年8月;上海市疾病预防控制中心的调研结果表明上海6~14岁儿童的哮喘患病率已升至5.92%,其增长速度惊人。由于人类基因不可能在短时间内发生改变,因此探寻环境对儿童哮喘及其相关症状的影响显得尤为重要。相较于室外,人类居于室内的时间更长。室内环境的优劣较室外环境更能影响儿童的健康。上海地区由于其独特的北亚热带季风性气候特征和靠江靠海的地理位置,其室内潮湿...

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作者:牛悦 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:101 页 大小:1.68MB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-11

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