我国煤电产业链纵向交易合约机制研究

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3.0 周伟光 2024-09-20 21 4 413.99KB 52 页 150积分
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硕士学位论文
IV
摘要
我国煤、电产业及其之间的纵向关系因其在能源结构、工业生产中的重要地
位,对我国国民经济发展有着重要的影响。可是自 2002 年以来,随着我国经济
的高速发展,煤炭与电力产业之间的矛盾也趋于激化,而煤电矛盾关键是双方对
于电煤价格的争议,集中表现就是:一、在我国每年年初的“煤炭订货会”上电
煤合同 “签约难”二、由于我国电煤交易合同大都不是现货交易,因此在电煤
合同签订的日后“执行难”。特别是,在目前煤炭价格不断上涨,甚至出现一天
一价的情况下,即便煤电双方签订了中长期合同(3年期),但价格的变化也导
致已经签订的合同屡遭违约。相当一部分煤炭供应合同只签订供货量,不签订价
格。因为电煤合同不能顺利执行而导致的断电破化了社会的稳定及地方的投资环
境,为此国家发改委不得不频繁颁布相关政策,一方面在每年“煤炭订货会”
协调或干预电煤价格的确定,另一方面不断督促煤、电企业提高电煤合同的履约
率,在短期内维持我国电煤交易,这些政策或许有效,但就这几年电煤签约的长
期经验来看,收效甚微。这既反映了煤电矛盾的复杂性,同时也反映了,我国目
前政策制定未能准确把握煤电矛盾的本质特性,也未能把握电煤违约问题对我国
煤电纵向关系带来的重大影响。
本文认为,要解决目前我国电煤价格在煤电双方间的争议,就必须准确把握
电煤市场的供需关系,而这又主要受煤电产业链的基本特性、政府对电煤价格的
协调性干预以及具有中国特色的煤炭交易管理体制的因素的影响。就煤电产业链
的基本特性来说,其资产专用性与契约不完全性影响着煤电双方的谈判势利及投
资所获得的边际收益的不确定性,因此间接影响着资本发展煤电产业的激励。
对我国的煤电契约关系来说,更重要的还有现行煤炭交易管理体制和政府对电煤
价格的协调性干预这两大因素。现行煤炭交易管理体制在消除电煤合同执行不利
方面具有多大的有作用是值得怀疑的。特别是在我国目前法制环境并不十分完善
及煤电契约中缺少平滑需求波动的相应机制条款的基础上,完全依赖这一形成于
计划经济时期的体制来管理当前我国涉及资金量最大的煤电交易契约,会带来多
大的社会成本更是令人担忧的。另一方面,引入竞争、在煤电产业中建立市场经
济体制是我国煤电产业改革的主要目标,但我国长期以来我国对电煤价格的协调
性干预却是与这一目标背道而驰的。
本文对我国煤电契约的不完全性及由此对我国煤电产业纵向关系的影响展
开系统的研究。本文以资产专用性、契约不完全性为理论研究框架,首先以不完
全契约理论的经典模型为依据建立实证模型,考察在了在煤电产业链的基本特性
和现实基础的共同作用下,基于厂商的私人激励,电煤契约的不完全性对煤炭与
电力企业关于电煤交易的投资激励和煤电产业关系的影响,然后再引入机制设计
硕士学位论文
V
理论相关研究对这一影响的结论作出修正,并设计在我国煤电契约关系中设计了
一个在重新谈判过程中引入违约补救的电煤承诺契约,支持了以上结论。
尽管本文是将关注的焦点放在电煤违约问题上,但是相关的研究结论可以应
用到煤电纵向关系的有效治理上,因为本文是从我国现实的煤电纵向关系存在的
问题入手,在寻找问题答案的过程中作出了以上研究,而在我国目前关于煤电产
业链的研究成果中,对于电煤契约关系的研究还较少,因此可以说这也为我国煤
电纵向关系的有效治理提供了一种新的思路。
关键词: 煤电产业链;电煤违约;资产专用性;契约不完全性;违约补救
硕士学位论文
VI
ABSTRACT
In Chinathe coal and power industry and its vertical relationships between the
structure of its energy industrial production in the important position of China's
national economic development has an important impactHoweversince 2002as
China's rapid economic developmentcoal and power industry tends to intensify the
conflict betweenbut the key is that both sides contradiction coal prices for the coal
dispute is the concentrated expression of beginning of each year in China's "coal order
will be on the coal contract
signed difficult
and because most of China's coal trading
contract is not a spot transactionand therefore the future coal contractdifficulty in
enforcement”。In particular
in the current coal prices continue to rise
even one day
a case of priceeven if the two sides signed a long-term coal contractbut the price
changes also resulted in repeated breach of contracts have been signed
A considerable portion of the coal supply contract signed only to shipmentsnot
the signing of the price
The contract can be successfully implemented because of coal
power outages caused by breaking of social stability and local investment
environment
for which the State Development and Reform Commission had frequent
enactment of relevant policiesOn the one handin the annualCoal orders would
coordinate or interfere with the determination of coal pricescontinued to urge the
other handcoal and electricity and coal enterprises to improve contract compliance
rate
In the short term to maintain China's coal trade
these policies may be effective
but in recent years
the long-term coal contract experience
with little effect
It reflects
the complexity of coal contradictionsbut also reflects China's current policy-makers
can not accurately grasp the contradictory nature of coal propertiesalso failed to
grasp the non-compliance of China's coal coal brought a significant impact on vertical
relationships
This paper argues thatto solve China's current coal prices in the coal dispute
between the partieswe must accurately grasp the relationship between coal supply
and demand market which has mainly affected the basic characteristics of coal
industry chainthe Government's coordination of coal prices interventionand with
Chinese characteristicscoal transaction management system factorsOn the coal
industry chain the basic characteristics its asset specificity and incomplete
contractual negotiations between the parties affecting the coal snobbish and
investment the marginal benefits received by the uncertainty of capital
thus indirectly
influencing the development of coal industry in incentives
While China's coal-contractual relations and more importantly there is the
existing coal transaction management system and the government coordinated
intervention in coal prices these two factors The existing coal transaction
management system in the elimination of the negative aspects of the implementation
of coal contracts with how useful is doubtful Especially in China's current legal
environment is not very comprehensive and coal leases in the absence of
corresponding mechanisms of smooth fluctuations in demand based on the
provisionsentirely dependent on the formation of a planned economy was a system
to manage the current capital of China's largest coal-related trading contractwill
硕士学位论文
VII
bring the social costs of what is worryingOn the other hand, the introduction of
competition in the coal industry to establish a market economic system reform of
China's coal industrythe main objectivebut our long-term coal prices in China on
the coordination of intervention is contrary to this objective
In this paper
China's coal contract is not complete and the resulting relationship
between China's coal industry
the impact of vertical launch systems
Asset specificity,
incomplete contracts theoryresearch framework for mefirst of all to incomplete
contract theory is based on the classical model of the establishment of an empirical
model to study in the coal industry chain in the basic characteristics and practical
basis for working together
based on vendors private incentives
incomplete contracts
coal for coal and electricity companies trading on the investment incentives for coal
and coal industrial relationsAnd then the introduction of mechanism design theory
relevant research findings on the impact of an amendment and design in China's
coal-contractual relations
design a re-negotiation process
the introduction of breach
of contract remedies coal compact of commitment to support the above conclusion
Although this is the focus of attention on the issue of breach of contract coalbut
the relevant research findings can be applied to coal on the effective management of
vertical relationshipsBecause this is the reality of China's coal vertical relationship
problems start looking for answers to questions in the course of the above studiesIn
China at present on the coal industry chain research results in a contractual
relationship for coal research also lessso you can say that this is also for our vertical
relationship between the effective management of coal provides a new way of
thinking
Key Words: Coal And Electric Power Industry ChainBreach Of Contract Coal
Asset SpecificityIncomplete ContractsBreach Remedies
硕士学位论文
VIII
目录
第一章 绪论..................................................................................................................1
第一节 选题背景及意义.......................................................................................1
第二节 本文的研究内容及研究方法...................................................................2
第三节 本文存在的创新点...................................................................................3
第二章 相关理论回顾及文献综述..............................................................................5
第一节 产业链研究相关理论回顾.......................................................................5
第二节 煤电产业纵向关系相关研究综述...........................................................9
第三章 中国煤电产业现状分析................................................................................15
第一节 煤炭产业概况分析.................................................................................15
第二节 电力产业概况分析.................................................................................20
第三节 我国煤电产业链的特征.........................................................................23
第四节 我国现阶段煤炭交易管理体制.............................................................25
第四章 我国煤电产业契约机制设计........................................................................28
第一节 契约不完全性对煤电产业投资激励的影响.........................................29
第二节 如何形成有效投资—机制设计理论视角.............................................31
第三节 引入违约救济的煤电契约模型.............................................................33
第五章 政策建议与结束语........................................................................................44
第一节 我国煤炭契约治理的政策建议.............................................................44
第二节 本文结论.................................................................................................45
参考文献......................................................................................................................46
硕士学位论文
1
第一章 绪论
第一节 选题背景及意义
一、选题的背景
作为两大支柱产业,煤电矛盾由来已久。上世纪 90 年代初,为使煤炭行业
走出亏损困境,国家决定用三年的时间,逐步放开除电煤之外的煤炭价格,使得
煤炭价格在 1993 年之后逐步上涨,并在 2001 年实现行业扭亏为盈。煤炭价格的
市场化,缓解了煤炭企业亏损和微利的局面,但有关重点电煤合同指导价的政策,
又为如今的电煤违约问题埋下了祸根。
2002 之后,随着我国经济的高速发展,钢铁、水泥等高能耗产业的迅速扩
张,电力供应日趋紧张,进一步导致了对上游煤炭需求大幅提高,煤炭价格自然
水涨船高,可在我国下游电力价格受到政府严格管制的情况下,煤炭价格的上涨
必然压缩了电力产业,双方矛盾逐步被激化。集中表现就是自 2003 年煤炭订货
会以来,几乎每年的电煤合同谈判都举步维艰,即便在电煤契约已经签订的情况
下,依然面临着违约的风险。
究其原因,主要是因为近年来的需求增强引致的煤炭供不应求,这一优势给
予了煤炭企业较强的讨价还价势力,再加上原有电煤政府指导价阴影的存在,
电作为电煤合同的签约双方的独立法人地位的缺失,导致电煤契约的约束力不
强,因此煤炭企业不愿意执行原有的、政府制定的电煤价格,结果一方面是几乎
所有煤炭供应契约都出现违约,另一方面则是近年来煤炭订货会上签订的合同,
有实质内容的越来越少,履约率越来越低,相当部分企业只签订供货量,不谈价
格。因为当煤炭供应紧张时,煤炭价格上涨,煤炭企业就不愿意按原来签订的合
同执行;反之,当煤炭供过于求,煤炭价格下跌时,电力企业也不愿意履行既定
合同。虽然在近几年签订的中长期协议中,除对供货量有明确的规定外,也有的
采取了规定电煤价格涨幅不超过 10%的条款,但在需求剧烈波动的情况下,这一
条款常常形同虚设。
电煤合同不能顺利执行给我国国民经济的正常运行造成了极大的负面影响,
一方面因缺煤而导致的断电现象在各地屡见不鲜,阻碍了地区 GDP 增长速度;
另一方面,更深层次地,破坏了我国煤电产业事前投资激励,使得民营和外商资
本不敢轻易进入,而国有资本又历来都有“以大为先”的投资习惯,因此这两个
产业很难得到合理的发展,煤电纵向关系恶化;为此国家发该委三番五次的下文
督促电煤合同的顺利签订与执行。如 2005 1月出台的《煤炭经营管理办法》
规定,煤炭买卖合同签订后,买卖双方必须全面履行合同,任何一方不得擅自变
摘要:

硕士学位论文IV摘要我国煤、电产业及其之间的纵向关系因其在能源结构、工业生产中的重要地位,对我国国民经济发展有着重要的影响。可是自2002年以来,随着我国经济的高速发展,煤炭与电力产业之间的矛盾也趋于激化,而煤电矛盾关键是双方对于电煤价格的争议,集中表现就是:一、在我国每年年初的“煤炭订货会”上电煤合同“签约难”,二、由于我国电煤交易合同大都不是现货交易,因此在电煤合同签订的日后“执行难”。特别是,在目前煤炭价格不断上涨,甚至出现一天一价的情况下,即便煤电双方签订了中长期合同(3年期),但价格的变化也导致已经签订的合同屡遭违约。相当一部分煤炭供应合同只签订供货量,不签订价格。因为电煤合同不能顺...

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作者:周伟光 分类:高等教育资料 价格:150积分 属性:52 页 大小:413.99KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-09-20

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