虚拟团队(VT)激励管理的新视角——幸福契约的理论与实证研究

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3.0 李佳 2024-09-20 4 4 969.22KB 117 页 150积分
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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
I
摘 要
本文期望围绕 “幸福契约”这一新概念,构建一个新的组织激励理论体系。
研究出发点源于知识经济时代下虚拟团队(VT)激励的理论与实践问题。
理论方面,整个 20 世纪是激励理论在各个学科(特别是经济学与管理学)领
域不断发展壮大的世纪。面临着新的时代背景,我们需要不断针对发现的新问题
而提炼出一些新的理论与方法。因此,考虑到以往每种激励理论都具备其特有价
值,梳理并综合各种理论发展脉络与演进趋势便成为当前组织(如虚拟组织)激
励理论研究的重要内容。
实践方面,在紧张忙碌的、快速节奏的工作环境下,企业组织的经理与员工
很难有时间认真地、彻底地去全面思考组织/团队最终将向何处去的终极目的性问
题。他们或是片面地关注于经济利益追求,因为关注其他方面利益不如关注经济
增长更为现实;或是强调依赖良好人际关系、安全工作环境等方面利益。但是,
这些似乎并不足以支撑企业生存,更别说长远发展。因为如今的“白热化”竞争,
使得企业生存状况不理想。在知识经济的时代背景下,企业所面临的是复杂的和
不确定的虚拟环境,各种新型的虚拟组织形态不断涌现,使得这些问题已经出现
“愈演愈烈”的趋势。
在所有问题中,要学会从最根本的问题着手解决根本性问题,我们需要跳出
原有思维模式重新审视现代组织所面临的新问题。基于此,文章认为组织/团队最
终将是和谐化的幸福组织/团队,从组织激励源头——幸福——提出幸福契约概念
用以重塑组织激励理论。幸福契约是基于心理学、经济学与管理学等学科思想演
进和脉络发展的研究成果,其理论研究包含处理效率与公平、处理委托人与代理
人、主观与客观、经济契约与非经济契约、显性契约与隐性契约、个体理性与集
体理性、利己与利他等等矛盾问题。本文期望能够在这些问题上有所贡献。如果
有可能,作为一种新的组织激励模式,幸福契约可以被视为是理念型心理契约的
一种创新概念、快乐/人本/行为经济学的一次实践应用、Z理论的一个典型代表以
及社会契约的一个理想路径。文章对幸福契约的一系列讨论(人性研究——动力
机制——激励模式)融合了众多心理学、经济学、管理学、社会学等等不同学科
领域学者的理论思想,从而为虚拟团队VT激励管理问题提供了一个全新视角。
本文共有三部分主要内容:
第一部分,建立一个新的组织激励理论框架,即在新时代背景下,以幸福契
约为核心的“企业-社会互主体协同治理”模式。通过传统与现代组织激励理论的
比较研究,总结出组织激励未来研究的重要趋势,即在虚拟环境条件下,综合运
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
II
用开放系统思维、权变理论、利益相关者与企业社会责任等思想,用以构建“以
人为本”的和谐组织/团队管理模式。从整个社会系统角度,本文提出一种“企业-
社会互主体协同治理”模式,即在系统认识企业与社会各主体的利益冲突前提下,
让企业内外部人员协同参与决策,实现最大多数人的多层次需要的全面协调,从
而形成一种相互平等的组织激励理论。其理论核心是在幸福契约条件下强调团队
成员间平等互重与合作互助的互主体思想,实现最大多数人最大幸福的共同目标/
价值,兼顾股东至上理论的有效性和利益相关者理论的公平性。
第二部分,幸福契约的概念——基于人性学说的研究。文章的组织激励理论
研究回顾至少涉及了三大学科、三十多种理论,是对组织激励理论进行一项终极
意义(趋乐避苦原则)上的探索性研究,包括人性研究、动机理论、管理学和经
济学中的组织激励理论以及心理契约的相关文献。在对比分析国内外管理学中的
激励理论(内容理论和过程理论)和制度/契约经济学的交易费用理论基础上,总
结出激励理论一个共同的心理学渊源——快乐/幸福需要原理。针对当前较少有研
究的需要理论、契约本质以及契约激励机制等方面加以深入研究。在适应新的虚
拟(网络)经济条件下,试图运用管理学、经济学以及心理学等学科背景下的心
理契约概念提出以“幸福人假设”为理论起点的幸福契约,从组织激励的源头重
新阐释个人与组织契约关系以及相应的动力机制和激励机制。
第三部分,幸福契约的理论与实证研究(也包括第七章的扩展研究)该部分
以虚拟团队为组织样本,着重对基于幸福契约的虚拟团队(VT)激励模型进行理
论与实证研究,期望对虚拟经济条件下以幸福为导向的和谐组织管理有所启示。
首先,对幸福契约的制度/契约经济学、幸福/行为经济学、心理学/博弈论等相关学
科理论进行分析。其次,将幸福契约应用于特定组织(即虚拟团队)之中,寻找
影响成功激励虚拟团队并获得高绩效的关键因素,并对这些关键因素指标进行实
证检验,建立有效的虚拟团队激励模型。具体工作包括质化研究(深度访谈)、各
类虚拟企业访谈(非结构化问卷)、量化研究(样本调查)、量表调查 12 家企业样
本的幸福感激励因子(结构化问卷);运用 SPSS15.0 Amos 7.0 对所取得的数据
进行因子显著性分析(描述性分析、配对样本 T检验和主成分分析)因子归类(因
子分析和验证性分析)以及拟合优度(多元回归(PRA)评价)。再次,基于实证
研究模型的修正而构建虚拟团队的激励模型,并有针对性地给出幸福契约形成、
作用与强化三个阶段的管理策略。最后,文章在第七章对幸福契约深入扩展研究:
通过对一个特殊的合作博弈解析,探讨通向幸福契约之路,即走出“囚徒困境”
从现实问题(“快乐指数”和“伊斯特林悖论”)到解决问题的理论基础(幸福契
约理论),再到解决问题的实践模式(工作场所的游戏系统设计)给出快乐管理的
一系列解释。
总体而言,幸福契约就是定位于团队层面的幸福研究,宣扬一种快乐的文化,
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
III
希望在现实组织中给予员工与经理、甚至其他社会群体更多的人文关怀。人们追
求最大多数人最大幸福的前提是尊重客观事实,在务实精神基础上对幸福的坚定
信念是各方力量成功获取最大幸福的金钥匙。这里的客观事实包括经理与员工(企
业与顾客、股东与经理等等)在各自契约上有着不同幸福需要、不同的快乐源/痛
苦源,人们依据自身情况,采取行动努力达成契约上共识,缩小双方的认知差距,
从而实现幸福最大化。在虚拟环境中,如果要打造幸福/快乐团队,那么就需要重
点关注幸福契约的三个维度,即经济-人际型契约、环境型契约和目标-发展型契约,
其中对虚拟团队幸福感影响最大的是目标-发展型契约。另外,本文也得出的一些
有趣结论,例如,众人拾柴火焰高(合则共赢)、快乐会传染(助人为乐)与得便
宜处失便宜(知足常乐)等等。
关键词:组织激励;幸福契约;虚拟团队;幸福人假设;激励模型;快乐管理
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
IV
ABSTRACT
This article expects to build a new organizational incentive theory, based on the
new concept of “Well-being contract”. The starting point for this research is theoretical
and practical problems of organizationalVT incentive in the Knowledge Economy
Era. Theoretically speaking, incentive theory has grown dramatically in various
disciplines (especially economics and management) throughout the 20th century. Faced
with a new background, we need to constantly refine some new theories .for new
problems. Thus, taking the past incentive theory into account, carding and integrating
the evolution trend of these theories will become an important part of incentiveVT
theory. Practically speaking, managers and employees don’t have enough time to think
the organization’s ultimate purpose seriously and thoroughly in the fierce and fast-paced
business environment. They always focus on the pursuit of economic interests, rather
than good interpersonal relationships, environment and security interests. Business
situation is not ideal due to intense competition. That is to say, enterprises are facing is
complex, uncertain and virtual environment.
In all problems, we must learn to address fundamental issues from the most
fundamental angle. We need to rethink organization beyond the original view. Based on
this, the paper points out the organization / team will be the harmony organization /
team and puts forward the concept of Well-being Contract to reshape organizational
incentive theory. A series of discussions on Well-being Contract contains a number of
masters’ ideas from psychology, economics, management, sociology and ecology areas.
The followings are a summary of the main contents of this article:
The first part is the establishment of a new theoretical framework of organizational
incentives - - the collaborative governance model of enterprise- society interaction.
Comparing with traditional and modern study of organizational incentive summed up
the importance trends of future research, the paper integrates open systems theory,
contingency theory, stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility theory to
build “people-oriented” harmonious organization / team management under a virtual
environment. From the whole social system, this paper puts forward the collaborative
governance model of enterprise- society interaction. The model lets all kind of parties
join in collaborative decision-making, and coordinates most people necessary to
develop the equality of organizational incentive. The core of his theory is emphasized
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
V
on the well-being of team members under the conditions of equality, mutual respect and
cooperation. Taking into account the effectiveness of shareholder supremacy theory and
the fairness of the stakeholder theory, all members manage to achieve the greatest
happiness of most people's common goals / values.
The second part is the concept of Well-being Contract based on the human nature
theory. This article reviews organizational incentive theory that involves at least three
subjects (more than 30 kinds of theories) on the organization to conduct an exploratory
research in an ultimate meaning way, including human studies literature, psychological
contract literature, management and economics literature. Comparing domestic and
international management theory and transaction cost theory, the paper sums up a
common source of the motivation theory - - happiness needs principle. Then the paper
emphasizes on the current research in depth which includes needs theory, contract
nature and other essential aspects. Adapting to the new Network economy conditions, it
proposes the concept of the well-being contract based on “Hypothesis of Well-being
Man”, which explains contractual relationship between the individual and the
organization, the corresponding dynamic mechanism and incentive mechanism.
The third part is well-being contract theory and empirical studies (including an
extension of Chapter VII). This part focuses on virtual teams, expecting to reveal
harmony-oriented organization based on well-being e contract. The paper does
theoretical research of contract economics, happiness / behavioral economics, and
psychology / game theory. Then the paper applies well-being contract to a specific
organization (virtual team) among the incentive, trying to find what factors influences
successful virtual teams and the key factors for high performance by further empirical
research on these key indicators to verify and establish an effective incentive model of
virtual team. Next, this part is empirical research based on the amendment to the
incentive model of virtual team, and gives the three stages (that is, formation, function
and strengthening) of the management strategy of well-being contract. Final one is the
in-depth extended study of well-being contract in Chapter VII: (1) Through a special
cooperative game analysis, the paper explores the road to well-being contract, that is
how to get out of the “Prisoner's Dilemma”; (2) The paper gives a series of actual
problems to explain happy management in the workplace.
To sum up, the Well-being Contract is on the team level of happiness research,
proclaiming a happy culture in reality and hoping to give employeesmanagers, or other
social groups more humanistic concern. People who pursue the greatest happiness
should respect the objective facts that the belief of happiness in pragmatic spirit is the
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
VI
key to happiness. If we want to create happiness in reality organization, we need to
focus on the three dimensions of the Well-being Contract(the Contract Of Economy
and Relationshipthe Contract Of Environmentthe Contract Of Objective And
Development). In addition, this paper also draws some interesting conclusions from the
angle of WBC.
Keywords: Organizational Incentive; Well-being Contract; Virtual Team; Hypothesis of
Well-being Man; Incentive Model; Happiness Management
摘要:

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要本文期望围绕“幸福契约”这一新概念,构建一个新的组织激励理论体系。研究出发点源于知识经济时代下虚拟团队(VT)激励的理论与实践问题。理论方面,整个20世纪是激励理论在各个学科(特别是经济学与管理学)领域不断发展壮大的世纪。面临着新的时代背景,我们需要不断针对发现的新问题而提炼出一些新的理论与方法。因此,考虑到以往每种激励理论都具备其特有价值,梳理并综合各种理论发展脉络与演进趋势便成为当前组织(如虚拟组织)激励理论研究的重要内容。实践方面,在紧张忙碌的、快速节奏的工作环境下,企业组织的经理与员工很难有时间认真地、彻底地去全面思考组织/团队最终将向何处去的终极目的性问...

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