近代浙江省通商口岸进出口贸易分析(1926-1936)

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3.0 李佳 2024-09-20 4 4 432.02KB 52 页 150积分
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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
I
摘要
本文主要运用海关统计数据,并结合关税政策的变迁、汇率的变动、世界经济
危机、中日战争冲突等对 1926 年至 1936 年浙江三个通商口岸杭州、宁波、温州
的进出口贸易进行分析。
首先,中国在 1929 年至 1936 年间逐步收回关税自主权,1928 年税则、1930
年税则、1933 年税则、1934 年税则的陆续颁布是中国收回关税自主权的一条主线。
出于财政收入和保护国内经济发展的需要,南京国民政府逐步提高了进口税率,
中国的进口商品数量逐年下降。进口税率的提高对浙江三个通商口岸的影响不同,
三个口岸既表现出一致性,又呈现出各自的特点。对杭州而言,在 1929 年之前,
杭州的进口贸易货值尽管巨大,其进口税额却非常小,在实行新税则以后,由于
运至杭州的货物大多仍由上海领免重征凭照而来,国民政府的关税政策包括进口
税率提高、关税征金等对杭州进口贸易及进口税的影响较小,这种情况一直持续
到 1933 年;对宁波而言,进口税率的变迁对宁波的进口洋货贸易的影响与杭州相
似,特别是关税征金使得海关能够保证进口关税的实额征收,从而保证中央政府
的财政收入,这一点对这三个通商口岸都是相同的;温州以出口贸易为主,进出
口贸易货值均远远低于宁波和杭州,故进口税率的提高对温州而言,其重要性要
相对低一些。
其次,1932 年之前,中国的汇率在不停地下跌,从宏观上看,这使得中国获
得了相对有利的外贸条件。浙江三个通商口岸某些商品的进出口贸易也反应了这
一点,但是从总体上来说,由于大多数洋货中国都没有能力生产,故进口数额仍
然巨大,汇率对三个口岸进出口贸易的影响在分析宁波口岸的对外贸易时有重点
述及。
再次,1931 年以后,世界经济危机开始影响到中国,汇率开始上升,一方面,
国外对各口岸的土货需求大量减少,土货出口贸易受到影响,另一方面,经济发
达各国向中国等发展中国家倾销商品,对中国的国货生产造成冲击,经济危机使
得三个通商口岸的进出口贸易进一步衰弱。
第四,中日战争冲突使得各口岸的抵货运动盛行,进口的日货和远销日本的出
口土货贸易数量和价值均受到影响,同时“九.一八”事变使得各口岸丧失东北
市场,“一.二八”事变使各口岸的贸易趋于停滞,之后“华北事变”等均对浙江
三个口岸的进出口贸易造成消极影响。
第五,这三个口岸所表现出的共性是中国宏观经济的缩影,三个口岸的进出口
贸易受到国民政府关税政策的影响巨大,这反映这三个口岸的工商业者对于价格、
成本等信息是非常敏感的。同时,这三个口岸之间既存在一定的贸易联系也存在
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
II
贸易竞争,本文将以温州为例子进行说明。
最后,本文主要是采取海关统计对三个口岸的进出口贸易进行说明,由于进出
口贸易还可以通过陆路运输,并且 1932 年以后,海关统计日益式微,故海关统计
不能反映各个通商口岸进出口贸易的全貌。同时,以上的各个因素对于不同口岸
的不同商品具有不同的影响,故在对某种商品进行微观分析时,仍是以各个口岸
为单位按时间顺序进行纵向描述。
论文主要结合宏观的经济背景、政策背景按年份细致分析各口岸的贸易变迁,
通过对各海关贸易统计的分析,对影响各口岸进出口贸易的因素结合各个口岸的
实际情况作出评价,说明各口岸在进出口贸易上表现出的独特性,对三个口岸的
进出口贸易进行比较分析。
在分析的方法上主要是将经济学的基础理论包括供给-需求关系、汇率、进口
替代、关税等与三个通商口岸的进出口贸易史料进行结合分析。
关键词杭州;宁波;温州;进出口贸易;关税;汇率
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
III
ABSTRACT
The developing state of the three trading ports Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou in Zhejiang
Province in import and export relatively reflected the whole trading development of
Modern China from 1926 to 1936. In this article, the author uses the commercial reports
and statistics mainly form the Customs of the three commercial ports to analyze the true
commercial conditions in these ports, and the author has found out that there are many
factors influencing the trade conditions including the tariff policy, the exchange rate, the
world-wide business depression, the armed conflicts between China and Japan and so
on.
First, the new tariff policies of Nanjing Government had obviously influenced the
import and export in the three business ports, yet, the degree of the influences is distinct.
Take the imposing import duties for an example, since Hangzhou and Ningbo ports are
with larger quantity and value of the import goods, they are more sensitive to the
reforms in import duties, while Wenzhou is of strong development in exports, so the
changes in imports tax might have less influences on Wenzhou port. However, we still
need to look into the specific performance of these ports to form an accurate and
comprehensive cognition in these ports, finding the specific character of the three.
And, the exchange rate also exerted influences in the business ports. Before 1932, the
exchange rate dropped down quickly and China won a relatively beneficial commercial
condition which as well happened in these three ports, for the imports were of higher
price comparing with the Chinese products, so the imports reduced correspondingly at
that time and the blank market is filled with the native products. However, the native
industries didn’t have the capability to produce most of the imports, so the imports was
still increasing in some kinds of the goods. Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou is of
likeliness in this situation.
Further, the world-wide business depression as well affected these ports. With the
augment of the exchange rate, the economic situation of China was aggravated, so were
the three ports in imports and exports. For one thing, the foreign market of the home
products is shrinking while the foreign products were dumped into China dealing a blow
to the native industry.
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
IV
Further more, the armed conflicts made the ports’ commercial circumspect instable and
full of risk. For instance, the war in Shanghai between China and Japan not only fiercely
stroke the Shanghai economy but also brought the economies of the three ports into the
economic collapse.
Last, the author is aware of the authoritativeness and credibility of these reports and
statistics form the three Customs and points out that these reports and statistics cannot
show us the whole pictures of the three ports in inport and export. And diffenrent
commmodities in different ports have distinct development, so the author choose to
describe the situation seperatedly and annually in these ports.
Keywords: Hangzhou; Ningbo; Wenzhou; The import and export; Tariff; The
extrange rate
摘要:

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要本文主要运用海关统计数据,并结合关税政策的变迁、汇率的变动、世界经济危机、中日战争冲突等对1926年至1936年浙江三个通商口岸杭州、宁波、温州的进出口贸易进行分析。首先,中国在1929年至1936年间逐步收回关税自主权,1928年税则、1930年税则、1933年税则、1934年税则的陆续颁布是中国收回关税自主权的一条主线。出于财政收入和保护国内经济发展的需要,南京国民政府逐步提高了进口税率,中国的进口商品数量逐年下降。进口税率的提高对浙江三个通商口岸的影响不同,三个口岸既表现出一致性,又呈现出各自的特点。对杭州而言,在1929年之前,杭州的进口贸易货值尽管巨大,...

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作者:李佳 分类:高等教育资料 价格:150积分 属性:52 页 大小:432.02KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-09-20

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