从“性恶”到“性具”——荀子与传灯大师性论思想辨义

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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
I
摘要
荀子性恶之说,古来有异论,而尤以韩愈大醇小疵之说占据上风,殆至清代,
有人认为荀子醇乎醇,根本无小疵可言,评价轩轾迥然不同。近代以降,受西方
道德形而上学的影响,两岸学者相继对传统的荀子思想进行解构。一个较为明显
的态势是,多数学者不再认为荀子是以性恶之说而断然否定人性之尊严,恰恰相
反,他们认为荀子所论之性在其理论本身实则是超越善恶范畴之自然本性,且荀
子思想之重心并不在性恶,而在隆礼,荀子反借性恶之名骇人耳目,是欲化性起
伪、敦善成人,以凸显人性趋善之价值所在。然而,这种论断是否符合荀子本义?
荀子的本义是什么?其又何以遭致如此之多的訾议与非难?
诸多思虑,菑然介怀,是惟痛究其理而不能涣释。故本文首先从形式逻辑和
内在逻辑分别考察了荀子性恶理论的两重逻辑关系。在荀子性恶理论当中,“性”
和“伪”都各自具有两层涵义,荀子之所以能够在形式逻辑上证成性恶,离不开
这两个重要概念各自的两层涵义所构成的一种阶层关系。在不易把握“性”的情
况下,可以凭藉这一阶层关系,执果索因,逻辑自洽地从“伪恶”推出“性恶”。
然而不可忽视的是,荀子在“性”与“伪”的两层涵义之间还设有一丝张力,而
此张力的载体即是荀子伦理思想中的另一重要概念——“心”。本文认为,荀子
正是在“心”的意义上证成了性恶理论,亦是在“心”的意义上证成了“隆礼尊
贤”、“群居和一”的道德理想。但对于此“心”如何能够化性而起伪,“虚壹
而静”的实践工夫何以能够不令而行,亦即道德自觉的向善意愿如何可能?荀子
对此似有语焉不详,或是论说不明。职是之故,荀子既明确承认“涂之人可以为
禹”,却又认为“朱象不化”,可见二者相悖甚远,此正是其性恶理论内在逻辑
之拮据所在。
其次,本文着重引述了传灯大师的性具理论。性恶一说乃是天台家珍,然台
宗未尝定言恶而不言善,论性则善恶具,论修则善恶分。传灯大师认为,世教论
性,皆是即才情而言,而非是即性以论性。世教多以人间修恶而为性恶,是不知
性恶乃是佛性异名。天台虽言善恶,实是不分而分,分而不分。故得性善性恶其
理融通,无法不趣,即观修恶而达性恶,任运摄得佛界性善,可以为如来种。根
据智顗大师所明示,性之善恶但是善恶之法门,性不可改,历三世而无谁能毁,
复不可断坏,是故阐提不断性善,佛不断性恶。传灯大师指出,天台所立性善性
恶法门,有五大因缘。一者理体本来具足,二者照性可以成修,三者果地圆证莫
非妙法,四者妙用起时须施十界,五者根性不同摄机须遍。在此五大因缘中,性
善法门是常道,而性恶法门是“大权之能事”、“称性施设之妙用”。
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
II
最后,本文将荀子与传灯大师的性论思想在其哲学性本源同构的基础上予以
不同层次的比较。在“性”之内涵与外延方面,荀子是以“情”言“性”,且独
指人性一界,传灯大师则是以“理”言“性”,遍该十界;在善恶范畴方面,荀
子尤重辨合符验之后果事实,传灯大师则兼顾“顺逆”与“因果”二义以权世间
善恶之事。此即二者之所异也。然而在“性相”层面,荀子认为“性也者,吾所
不能为也。”传灯大师亦认为“性以不变为义”,可见二者理出同然。进而言之,
传灯大师主张性修不二,即所谓“全性起修”而“全修成性”,意在强调“修”
的重要性,而荀子亦注重“伪”之作用,此又一同也。然荀子独论性伪之分,又
言“性伪合,然后成圣人之名”,是判“性”、“伪”二者为截然两事,此所以
荀子只见性恶而不见性善之故也。但需注意的是,依佛家之语境,荀子所论性恶,
实非直指性恶本身,而是即贪欲之情而言,是性之所能,而非性之所有。此乃荀
子性恶理论之不尽完善处。若依传灯大师性具善恶之教,是可以详荀子之所略、
繁荀子之所简、发荀子之未明,从而使荀子的性恶理论更臻完善。
通过荀子与传灯大师性论思想的比较,本文认为伦理学作为一门学问,其目
的与其说是催人向善、敦德成化,毋宁说是反求诸己、迁恶向善。本文在从“性
恶”到“性具”的反思中认为,人性自有超乎吾人之知识以外,故而欲论人性者,
必待生活经验之事实推而论之以善善恶恶。明乎此,则知伦理学者尤其不能脱离
此等事实而驰于空想假设之欲,更不得逞一时玄辨之嗜好也。
关键词:荀子;性恶论;传灯大师;性具善恶;修性不二
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
III
ABSTRACT
Hsün Tzu believed that human nature is intrinsically evil, and this view engendered
considerable debate over centuries. Han Yu who was the Confucian of the Tang Dynasty
held that Hsün Tzu was not a Confucian. People were not clear on the matter of Hsün
Tzu's philosophy and his theory of evil human nature until the Qing Dynasty. In modern
times, under the influence of western moral metaphysics, scholars began to re-interpret
the Hsün Tzu's evil-nature theory. Nowadays, many scholars do not think that Hsün
Tzu's evil-nature theory was the denial of human dignity. On the contrary, they argued
that Hsün Tzu's purpose was to highlight the humanity for good value with the theory of
evil human nature. However, the argument was whether their conclusions were correct?
If the answer is no, what is the true meaning of the Hsün Tzu's theory? That's the focal
point of this dissertation.
Firstly, this dissertation investigates the formal logic and inner logical of Hsün
Tzu's evil-nature theory. According to Xunzi, each "nature"(Xing) and "artifice"(Wei)
has two meanings; those meanings constitute a progressive relationship in Hsün Tzu's
theory. When the concept of "nature" was easy to grasp, we can use this progressive
relationship to prove Hsün Tzu's theory logically. However, we can't ignore the tension
between "nature"(Xing) and "artifice"(Wei). This tension carrier is Hsün Tzu's another
important concept in his ethical theory—"will"(Xin). Correspondingly, Hsün Tzu
reasoning from the "will" to his theory of evil human nature, and his moral ideals of
"emphasis on the rite and respect for sage" and "harmony and coordination". But how
did "will" able to make it own tend to goodness? Hsün Tzu did not make it clear.
Therefore, On the one hand, Hsün Tzu argued that "everyone can become a saint"; on
the other hand, he admits that "villain can't be civilized". Those were clearly two
contradictory arguments. Actually, it indicated the flaw with the inner logic of Hsün
Tzu's evil-nature theory (Xing'E).
Secondly, this dissertation focuses on the theory of the evil human nature of Master
Chuandeng. It points out that the evil-nature theory is one of the most important
Buddhist Theory of the Tendai Sect. In fact, the Tendai Sect not only admits human
nature is good but also acknowledges that human nature is evil. Masters Chuandeng
thought, it is wrong that most people hold the view of doing bad things means the
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
IV
human nature is evil. Masters Chuandeng use the conception of "emotions"(Qing)
instead of the "nature"(Xing), but not the essence of the "nature". Master Chuandeng
told us that whether the "nature" is good or evil is a convenient discourse. It is because
that the "nature” can’t be changed. Although the Tendai Sects theory of human nature
includes both good and evil part, there was only one ultimate connotation. They were all
different names of "Buddha-nature". Master Chuandeng pointed out that there are five
reasons for "nature" is both good and evil. Among these reasons, good-nature (Xing
Shan) was an overwhelmingly common sense, but the evil-nature is an uncommon
saying.
Finally, this dissertation tried to make a comparison between the evil-nature theory
of Hsün Tzu and Master Chuandeng, and argued that there were many differences
between Hsün Tzu with Master Chuandeng, such as the connotation and the epitaxial of
the "nature". In the aspect of the definition of good and evil, they also have their own
comprehension. Another difference is mainly the relationship of "self- cultivation" (Xiu)
and the "nature"(Xing). But both of them had admitted that the "nature" cannot be
changed. Additionally, Hsün Tzu's evil-nature theory the "nature" is not associated with
the essence of the "nature”, in fact, it was just the emotions of avarice. That's what the
"nature" able to do, not what the "nature" has. Essentially, it is the inner logic of the
Hsün Tzu's theory. According to the Masters Chuandeng's theory of "Buddha nature
including both good and evil parts" can consummate Hsün Tzu's evil-nature theory.
In addition, this dissertation shown that the purpose of ethics education is better to
say that recognize yourself and practice good in person rather than instigate others to do
charitable things. As we know, the "nature" has gone beyond our rational knowledge.
When we talk about the "nature"(Xing), we cannot leave our own experiences.
KeywordsHsün TzuEvil-nature theoryMaster ChuandengBuddha nature including
both good and evil partsCultivation and nature are one
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
V
目 录
引言 ................................................................ 1
一、问题的提出 ................................................... 1
二、相关文献综述 ................................................. 2
三、研究范围与方法 ............................................... 8
第一章 荀子“性恶”思想疏证 ....................................... 10
第一节 人之性恶:荀子“性恶”思想的形式逻辑解析 ................. 10
第二节 化性起伪:荀子“性恶”思想的内在逻辑分析 ................. 17
第三节 荀子“性恶”思想的意义及影响 ............................. 26
第二章 传灯大师“性具”思想析论 ................................... 32
第一节 《性善恶论》与天台“性具”思想探源 ....................... 32
第二节 《性善恶论》思想诠疏 ..................................... 37
第三节 传灯大师“性具”思想的意义与影响 ........................ 44
第三章 荀子与传灯大师性论思想之异同 ............................... 49
第一节 人性与佛性:儒佛对话何以可能 ............................. 49
第二节 荀子与传灯大师性论思想之分别 ............................. 52
第三节 荀子与传灯大师性论思想之互融 ............................. 60
余论:从“性恶”到“性具”的伦理反思 ............................... 66
参考文献 ........................................................... 69
附录 ............................................................... 74
致谢 ............................................................... 75
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
1
引言
一、问题的提出
近人王国维在《论哲学家与美学家之天职》一文中说:“我国无纯粹之哲学,
其最完备者,唯道德哲学,与政治哲学耳。其中,道德哲学通常又被称为伦理
依照蔡元培先生的理解,“我国以儒家为伦理学之大宗,而儒家,则一切精
神界科学,悉以伦理为范围”其范围包括了政治学、军事学、宗教学、美学等。
当然,伦理学作为一门学科固然有史可考,但伦理之现象亘古有之,难能探源。
当今伦理学界所兴之应用伦理学,正是从人类社会实践领域的诸多方面去探寻伦
理智慧。伦理学者愈论愈精,然而道德沉沦之现象、伦理失范之事实却愈演愈烈。
究竟是什么原因竟然导致了如此惨淡的格局?为何东方的学者说,盛极一时的儒
学已经变成了在中国大地上飘荡的“游魂”?又为何西方学者说,“道德的完整
实体在很大程度上已成碎片,并且尔后已部分地被毁”?这些问题理应值得每一
位伦理学者用心去思考。
在西方伦理学史上,人们一度认为伦理学问题是一个“应然”的问题。因此,
他们以“规范”为研究主题,企图说明为使我们的行为达至道德上的善,我们就
应该遵从这种道德标准。顺此以往,便形成了西方伦理学的基本理论形式,即规
范伦理学。随着“休谟问题”的诞生,人们发现了事实与价值之间的不可通约性,
我们如何以“是”或“不是”为连系词的事实命题,推出以“应该”或“不应该”
为连系词的价值命题呢?为此,西方伦理学者另辟蹊径,他们或取道直觉主义伦
理学,如 G.E.摩尔;或诉诸情感主义伦理学,如 C.L.斯蒂文森。诸如此类的元伦
理学研究,不一而足,各具特色,但这些偏重元理论研究的思想学说能否真正解
决“休谟问题”以及当下社会伦理失范的现实问题?答案恐怕是否定的。
如果说,规范伦理学或元伦理学一直是西方伦理学研究的歧路,那么西方伦
理学的正道在哪里?是不是如麦金太尔所分析的,应当回归亚里士多德的美德伦
①《王国维文集》(第三卷),北京:中国文史出版社,1997 年,第 7页。
对于“道德”和“伦理”词源的考察历来多为伦理学者津津乐道,故前人所述备矣。一般结论是,在英
语中表示伦理的 ethic 与表示道德的 morality 在原始语义上都与品格character、习惯habit相关。当然,
对于某些哲学家来说,他们会严格区分道德与伦理的用法,如康德、黑格尔等。但本文无意于对道德与伦理
的概念做出具体的界定与区别,只是将它们视为同义词或近义词。
蔡元培:《中国伦理学史》,上海:上海书店,1984 年,第 2页。
余英时说:“在整个二十世纪中,儒家的源泉至少在中国知识分子的社群中确有渐呈枯竭之象。这是我
们展望儒学前途时所不能不考虑在内的一个客观事实。”“尽管旧建制崩溃了,儒学已变成游魂,但这个游
魂,由于有两千多年的凭藉,取精用宏,一时是不会散尽的。它一直在中国大地上游荡。”参阅氏著:《现
代儒学的回顾与展望——从明清思想基调的转换看儒学的现代发展》,《现代儒学论》,上海:上海人民出
版社,2010 年,第 33 页。
[美]麦金太尔:《德性之后》,龚群等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1995 年,第 8页。
摘要:

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要荀子性恶之说,古来有异论,而尤以韩愈大醇小疵之说占据上风,殆至清代,有人认为荀子醇乎醇,根本无小疵可言,评价轩轾迥然不同。近代以降,受西方道德形而上学的影响,两岸学者相继对传统的荀子思想进行解构。一个较为明显的态势是,多数学者不再认为荀子是以性恶之说而断然否定人性之尊严,恰恰相反,他们认为荀子所论之性在其理论本身实则是超越善恶范畴之自然本性,且荀子思想之重心并不在性恶,而在隆礼,荀子反借性恶之名骇人耳目,是欲化性起伪、敦善成人,以凸显人性趋善之价值所在。然而,这种论断是否符合荀子本义?荀子的本义是什么?其又何以遭致如此之多的訾议与非难?诸多思虑,菑然介怀,是惟痛究...

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