美国反伊拉克战争歌曲的修辞学分析
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ABSTRACT
The Iraq War began on March 20，2003 and came to an end on August 31, 2010
when U.S. President Barack Obama declared an end to combat mission in Iraq. After
the Iraq War broke out, oppositions to the War occurred worldwide. Millions of
people staged mass protests; demonstrations and other forms of anti-war actions
continued throughout the occupation of Iraq. Among all the forms of anti-Iraq War
activities, songs contribute a lot. As one kind of musical form, the protest song has a
long history in western culture and has always been influential. By singing protest
songs, musicians tend to highlight social problems, gain outside support, encourage
more people to question the government and call for actions to prevent the war.
Songs are rhetorical. By the form of a song, a musician makes the listener
naturally accept his ideas, attitudes, and ethical values, etc. contained in both the song
discourse and performance. As a form of art, protest songs have aroused scholars’
interests. These scholars have done many researches mainly from the political,
cultural, social and rhetorical perspectives, but studies on protest songs during the Iraq
War period are not in abundance. Thus, in this thesis, the author select 5 relatively
more influential and representative anti-Iraq War Songs for a close scrutiny from the
perspective of rhetoric.
Based on practices of other rhetorical researchers, we first analyze situations of
anti-Iraq War songs—one is the Iraq War and the other is the 9/11 attack. The 9/11
attack serves as a blasting fuse of the breaking out of the Iraq War. Under the
situation, the Bush administration successfully justified the war in Iraq by employing
rhetorical skills in propaganda campaign. Behind its planning for military actions in
Iraq, the real aim is to gain control of huge oil resources in Iraq. Then the situation of
the Iraq War calls forth the creation of anti-Iraq War songs. As a response to the Iraq
War, anti-Iraq War songs work to influence the audiences a lot. Based on the
Neo-Aristotelian criticism, the author analyzes classical canons in anti-Iraq War song
discourses and performance in details, and examines the ways in which these songs
function rhetorically for a political change.
On the basis of the analyses of anti-Iraq War songs, the thesis reveals the reason
why anti-Iraq War songs can gain the audiences’ trust and influence them, that is,
these songs provide a means through which the listener can attempt to understand the
world and the war in a different light. In addition, anti-Iraq War songs also help to
raise the consciousness of the listeners through a process of self-persuasion. Instead of
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directly believing in song messages, the audiences are more likely to understand with
open minds and try to find some value embodied in song messages. Finally, once the
consciousness is raised, anti-Iraq War songs can work more effectively in persuading
the audience and help to realize the identification between the musician and the
audience.
Key words: The Iraq War, anti-Iraq War songs, rhetorical situation,
scapegoating theory, neo-Aristotelian criticism
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摘 要
2003 年 3 月 20 日美国以伊拉克藏有大规模杀伤性武器并暗中支持恐怖分子
为借口，绕开联合国安理会，公然单方面决定对伊拉克实施大规模军事打击。历
经 7 年零 5 个月后，2010 年 8 月 3 日美国总统奥巴马表示 8 月底在伊作战行动
将如约结束，8 月 31 日驻伊美军全部撤出。结束作战任务,伊拉克战争结束。
伊拉克战争是一场引发争议颇多，遭到大多数国家和民众质疑和反对的战
争。2003 年初爆发以来，大量反伊拉克战争游行及其他形式的反抗活动在全球
各地展开。作为反战运动的众多形式之一，反战示威歌曲在西方社会历史悠久，
影响深远。自 911 恐怖袭击事件和伊战以来，反对布什政府行径，决策和伊拉克
战争的歌声也大量涌现并取得了一定的影响力。此类歌曲旨在改变和加强人们对
于战争的理解，唤醒其反抗意识，起来质疑政府决策和能力，反抗战争，要求政
策的改变，最终结束战争实现和平。
歌曲本身就是一种修辞，其修辞性体现在使用了音乐这一形式来说服听众。
作为一种艺术形式，反战示威歌曲很早就引起了学者的关注，相关的研究和批评
性文章都有出现，大多从政治、文化和修辞的视角出发对歌曲文本进行研究。然
而，具体到伊战时期，对反战示威歌曲的研究稍显薄弱。本文拟选取反伊战争歌
曲中影响力较强流传度较广的 5 首歌曲，从修辞学的角度出发对这些歌曲进行分
析。
结合前人对反战示威歌曲的研究和理解，本文运用劳埃德·比切尔(Lloyd
Bitzer)的修辞情境论，详细分析 9/11 恐怖袭击和伊拉克战争背景下反战歌曲的
创 作 、 发 行 和 运 作 的 紧 急 状 态 (exigence) 、 受 众 (audience) 和 制 约 因 素
(constraints)。在 9/11 恐怖袭击发生后, 为了说服大众接受其观点，进而发动
对伊战争，布什政府巧妙地运用了修辞技巧；其真实目的是通过军事控制进而获
取伊拉克的石油资源。而正是伊拉克战争的爆发唤起了反伊拉克战争歌曲的出
现。反伊战争歌曲作为对伊战的一种回应，发挥了不可忽视的作用。本文使用新
亚里士多德修辞批评方法对选定的反伊拉克战争歌曲进行细致的分析，试图探析
反战示威歌曲影响听众，提高听众意识，收获共鸣和取得效果的修辞运作过程，
即修辞策略在反伊战歌曲中的应用。
通过分析，本文发现反伊拉克战争歌曲之所以能收获认可和影响大众，其中
的一个重要原因是歌曲本身为听众提供了一个了解这个世界和这场战争的不同
的视角，其歌词文本的情感表达、对残酷现实的描述以及个人演绎能力等都具有
极强的感染力和劝说性。此外，反以战争歌曲在提高听众意识方面也发挥了一定
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作用，听众并不仅是直接采纳歌曲所提供的信息，他们更倾向于自己去寻找歌曲
中所包含的价值。通过这种自我规劝和认知，听众的意识得以提高，反伊战歌曲
也有效地发挥了作用，最终实现了音乐家和听众的认同。
关键词：伊拉克战争 反伊拉克战争歌曲 修辞情景论 替罪羊策略 新
亚里士多德修辞批评
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... ii
摘要..................................................................................................................................iv
Chapter One Introduction.............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Research....................................................................................1
1.2 Organization of the Thesis.......................................................................................3
Chapter Two Literature Review.....................................................................................4
2.1 Protest Songs and Anti-Iraq War Songs in Western Culture................................... 4
2.1.1 Introduction of Protest Songs....................................................................... 4
2.1.2 History of Protest Songs...............................................................................5
2.1.3 Introduction of Anti-Iraq War Songs............................................................7
2.2 Previous Studies on Protest Songs and Anti-Iraq War Songs..................................8
2.2.1 Previous Studies on Protest Songs............................................................... 9
2.2.2 Previous Studies on Anti-Iraq War Songs...................................................11
2. 3 Summary................................................................................................................................ 12
Chapter Three Theoratical Preliminaries................................................................... 13
3.1 Lloyd Bitze’s Theory of Rhetorcal Situation......................................................... 13
3.1.1 The Exigence.............................................................................................. 14
3.1.2 The Audience..............................................................................................14
3.1.3 The Constraints...........................................................................................15
3.2 Kenneth Burke’s Scapegoating Theory................................................................. 16
3.2.1 Prelude to Scapegoat.................................................................................. 16
3.2.2 Scapegoat and Its Requirements................................................................ 17
3.3 Aristotle’s Three Artistic Proofs............................................................................ 18
3.3.1 Eathos........................................................................................................ 19
3.3.2 Pathos........................................................................................................ 19
3.3.3 Logos......................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Neo-Aristotelian Criticism.................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Defining Neo-Aritotelian Criticism............................................................21
3.4.2 The Classical Canons................................................................................. 23
3.4.2.1 Invention................................................................................................. 23
3.4.2.2 Organization........................................................................................... 24
3.4.2.3 Style........................................................................................................25
3.4.2.4 Delivery.................................................................................................. 26
3.5 Summary................................................................................................................27
Chapter Four A Close Scrutiny of Anti-Iraq War Songs in America....................... 28
4.1 Rhetorical Situation of Anti-Iraq War Songs.........................................................28
4.1.1 Macro Rhetorical Triangulation of Anti-Iraq War Songs...........................28
4.1.2 The Situation of Anti-Iraq War Songs........................................................29
4.1.2.1 Enthymematic Argument in America’s Justification of the Iraq War... 30
4.1.2.2 Scapegoating in Justifying the Iraq War...............................................33
4.1.3 The Exigence in the Case of Anti-Iraq War Songs.....................................36
4.1.4 The Audience in the Case of Anti-Iraq War Songs.....................................36
4.1.5 The Constraints in the Case of Anti-Iraq War Songs................................. 37
4.2 A Neo-Aristotelian Critique of Anti-Iraq War Songs............................................ 38
4.2.1 Analysis of Anti-Iraq War Songs in Terms of Invention........................... 38
4.2.1.1 Arguments of Topoi.............................................................................. 38
4.2.1.2 Arguments of Three Artistic Proofs......................................................43
4.2.2 Analysis of Anti-Iraq War Songs in Terms of Organization...................... 50
4.2.3 Analysis of Anti-Iraq War Songs in Terms of Style...................................57
4.2.4 Analysis of Anti-Iraq War Songs in Terms of Delivery.............................60
4.3 Summary................................................................................................................61
Chapter Five Conclusion.............................................................................................. 63
5.1 A Brief Summary of the Findings......................................................................... 63
5.2 Limitations and Implications.................................................................................64
References.......................................................................................................................66
Appendices..................................................................................................................... 70
在读期间公开发表的论文............................................................................................. 84
摘要：
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iiABSTRACTTheIraqWarbeganonMarch20，2003andcametoanendonAugust31,2010whenU.S.PresidentBarackObamadeclaredanendtocombatmissioninIraq.AftertheIraqWarbrokeout,oppositionstotheWaroccurredworldwide.Millionsofpeoplestagedmassprotests;demonstrationsandotherformsofanti-waractionscontinuedthroughouttheoccupat...
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作者：高德中
分类：高等教育资料
价格：15积分
属性：90 页
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时间：2024-11-19
