基于过程控制的学校教学测评改进研究
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目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论.......................................................................................................................................1
§1.1 教学测评内涵与功能.....................................................................................1
§1.1.1 教学测评的涵义...............................................................................................1
§1.1.2 教学测评的功能...............................................................................................1
§1.2 教学测评所面临的问题与困难.....................................................................2
§1.3 研究的主要目的.............................................................................................3
§1.4 国内外研究现状.............................................................................................3
§1.4.1 国外研究现状................................................................................................... 3
§1.4.2 国内研究现状................................................................................................... 5
§1.5 研究的主要内容、结构、方法和技术路线.................................................6
§1.5.1 研究的主要内容、结构.................................................................................6
§1.5.2 研究的主要方法...............................................................................................7
§1.5.3 研究的技术路线...............................................................................................8
第二章 教学测评的质量指标.................................................................................................... 9
§2.1 相关系数.........................................................................................................9
§2.2 信度...............................................................................................................10
§2.2.1 的概念............................................................................................................... 10
§2.2.2 信度的理论公式............................................................................................11
§2.2.3 信度的类型......................................................................................................11
§2.2.4 提高测验信度的方法................................................................................... 14
§2.3 效度...............................................................................................................15
§2.3.1 效度的概念.....................................................................................................15
§2.3.2 效度的理论公式.............................................................................................16
§2.3.3 效度的估计......................................................................................................16
§2.3.4 提高效度的方法.............................................................................................18
§2.4 难度...............................................................................................................18
§2.4.1 难度的概念......................................................................................................18
§2.4.2 难度的计算......................................................................................................19
§2.4.3 难度对测验结果的影响...............................................................................20
§2.4.4 控制题目难度的基本方法.......................................................................... 21
§2.5 区分度...........................................................................................................21
§2.5.1 区分度的概念................................................................................................. 21
§2.5.2 区分度与测验信度、难度的关系............................................................ 22
§2.5.3 区分度的计算................................................................................................. 22
§2.5.4 提高区分度的方法........................................................................................23
§2.5.5 区分度的评价标准........................................................................................23
第三章 实际运用及存在问题分析......................................................................................... 24
§3.1 基层学校教学测评的呈现形式...................................................................24
§3.1.1 基层学校教学测验的主要类型.................................................................24
§3.1.2 基层学校测验数据分析现状..................................................................... 24
§3.2 基层教师对教学测量分析的探索与困惑...................................................25
§3.3 教学测量的一般分析模式及不足...............................................................26
§3.3.1 学生集体测验分数分布比较及不足........................................................26
§3.3.2 学生个体的测验成绩评价.......................................................................... 28
§3.4 引发的思考...................................................................................................31
第四章 教学过程的 SPC 控制.....................................................................................................32
§4.1 SPC 控制图概述...........................................................................................32
§4.1.1 控制图的益处................................................................................................. 32
§4.1.2 控制图的分类..............................................................................................33
§4.2 SPC 控制图步骤...........................................................................................34
§4.2.1 事前准备.......................................................................................................... 34
§4.2.2 收集数据......................................................................................................... 35
§4.2.3.控制.................................................................................................................. 35
§4.2.4.分析及改进.....................................................................................................36
§4.2.5.过程控制解释..............................................................................................37
§4.2.6.计算过程能力和 Sigma 值..................................................................... 39
第五章 教学测评的 MSA 测量系统分析.................................................................................. 45
§5.1 MSA 测量系统概述.....................................................................................45
§5.2 MSA 测量系统概念.....................................................................................46
§5.3 教学测量的 MSA 测量系统能力评估方法................................................47
§5.3.1 极差法............................................................................................................... 47
§5.3.2 均值极差法......................................................................................................48
§5.3.3. 方差分析法(ANOVA)..............................................................................51
§5.4.GRR 研究分析用于教学测评的改进...........................................................52
第六章 结论与展望.....................................................................................................................53
致 谢................................................................................................................................................ 54
附表一................................................................................................................................................ 56
附表二................................................................................................................................................ 57
附表三................................................................................................................................................ 58
附表四................................................................................................................................................ 71
参考文献............................................................................................................................................77
摘 要
《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》明确提出:“课程评价要发挥促进学生发展、
提高和改进教师教学实践的功能”。作为课程评价的最重要的手段之一——教学
测评,是教学过程的重要环节,对评价教学效果、指导教学过程开展具有重要意
义。
从中国隋唐时代的科举考试,到现在的课程测验(学科纸笔书面考试),人
们对此似乎再熟悉不过。但是教学测评作为测量系统,存在的误差有多大?可信
度有多高?怎样用教学测量结果来评价和改进教学过程?在有效教学理念指导的
今天,基础教育对这些问题,特别是第三个问题,还缺乏进一步的研究和实践。
而有些基层老师因很想在此方面有所收益而苦苦探索。目前中小学教学测评主要
以经典测量理论和统计学原理作支撑,以“信度”、“效度”、“难度”、“区
分度”这四个质量指标评价考试分数与考试效果,但往往停留于书本和理论。从
目前基层学校的实践来看,考试评价更多关注结果评价,是一种现实主义和目标
中心的价值取向,缺损了对于群体或者个体学习水平的过程性分析。而基层教师
又急需简单和有效的教学测评方法,来帮助他们提高教学测量能力,并且用测评
的结果去控制和改进教学过程。本课题就是在这样的大背景下,分析国内外研究
现状,探讨教学测评一般模式的优缺点,借鉴企业管理中过程控制方面先进的管
理理念和方法,来改进教学测量系统,控制教学过程。创新性地使用一些新的研
究方法和工具,如ISO9001过程管理的理念和6-Sigma的SPC过程控制方法,MSA
测量系统分析等工具,力求消除和降低教学测评的误差,控制和改进教学过程,
提升教学的有效性。
经过本课题研究论证和实践, MSA量测系统分析可以控制教学测量误差,测
评的结果可以作各种转换已满足使用的需要,
SPC统计过程控制可以监视教育测量
中的波动和异常,改进教学过程,提高教学过程绩效,提供学生、家长、社会满
意的教学质量。
关键词:教学测评 6-Sigma 过程控制 测量系统分析 SPC MSA
ABSTRACT
It is said “Course evaluation shall speed up the student development , enhance
and improve the teachers’ practice” in the “Outline For Basic Education Course Reform
(try-run version)”. Education measurement as the important means of course evaluation,
not only it is involved in all stages of education, but also it is the important stage itself,
It is very meaningful for assessment of education and for guiding education process
development.
From the imperial examination of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty to modern exam
of now days, people looks like very familiar about the exam, but as a measurement
system of education measurement, but how much is its deviation, and how much is its
reliability, how to control and improve the education processes are lack of research and
practice, most of the basis level teachers don’t comprehend them. The traditional theory
of education measurement has four quality factors as reliability, validity, difficulties,
discrimination to evaluate the test points and effects, but just stay in theory and paper
stage. From the practice of basis education, exam evaluation usually focus on result
evaluation, approached by reality and target, lack of group and individual structure
analysis; test points are just test points, or add test points simply when select student for
some target. The basis level teachers and students need some simple and effective
methods of education measurement to help they know and control the deviation of
measurement or to control and improve the education processes.
This article researched the international history, background, status and exist
problems of education measurement, drove by the demands of basis level teachers,
investigated the strength and weakness of traditional education measurement, adapted
some enterprise quality management ideas and process control ideas to improve the
measurement system and education processes, creatively used the adapted research
method and tools like process approach of ISO9001 and statistic process control and
MSA from 6-Sigma to cut the deviation the measurement and to control and improve
education processes.
As a result of researching, reasoning and practicing of education measurement in
this project, it proved that education measurement can be analyzed by the MSA tool to
control its variance, and results of education measurement can transfer to other points to
meet demands of different objectives, and SPC can to used in education processes to
control the process variance and abnormal and improve the processes, which is the key
point to satisfy the students, parents and society’s requirements.
Key words: education measurement, Process control, 6-Sigma, MSA, SPC
第一章 绪论
1
第一章 绪论
《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》明确提出:“课程评价要发挥促进学生发展、
提高和改进教师教学实践的功能”。
[1]作为课程评价的最重要的手段之一—教学测
评,是教学过程的重要环节,对评价教学效果、指导教学过程开展具有重要意义。
§1.1 教学测评内涵与功能
§1.1.1 教学测评的涵义
本论文中,教学测评即教学测量与教学评价的简称。他们的概念如下:
教学测量:华东师范大学王孝玲教授曾这样给“教育测量”定义:“教育测量
是根据统计学和测量学的原理、方法对教育现象及其属性进行数量化研究的过
程。”[2]它主要包括对学生内在精神属性的测量,如测量学生的学习成绩、智力水
平、品德状况、人格特征等方面。因此,教育测量主要是一种间接的测量。依据
王教授的观点,可以给教学测量下定义:根据统计学和测量学原理、方法对教学
现象及其属性进行数量化研究的过程即为教学测量,主要测量学生的学习成绩、
智力水平、人生价值取向等。
教学评价:王教授同时认为,教育评价(educational evaluation)是指按照一定
的价值标准和教育目标,利用测量和非测量的种种方法系统地收集资料信息,对
学生的发展变化及其影响学生发展变化的各种要素进行价值分析和价值判断,并
为教育决策提供依据的过程。
[3]这里我们取它的一个分支——教学评价,即对教学
测量的结果进行分析评价,以改进教学过程,提升教学效益。
教学测量通过对学生知识的掌握、智能的发展、思想品德的变化以及教学活
动的各个方面的测定为教学评价提供价值判断的依据。教学测量的结果也只有通
过教学评价才能获得实际意义,成为改进教育工作有参考价值的信息。
本论文的教学测评特指基础教育领域的课程测验(纸笔测验)与评价,文中
出现的“考试分析”、“试卷质量分析”、“考试评价”含义与教学测评含义一致。
§1.1.2 教学测评的功能
1、教学判断的功能。包括测量评定的功能、事实判断的功能、价值判断的功
能、问题诊断的功能、区分选拔的功能。
2、改进教师教学的功能。通过教学测评,了解学生的起点行为,作为改进教
摘要:
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目录中文摘要ABSTRACT第一章绪论.......................................................................................................................................1§1.1教学测评内涵与功能.....................................................................................1§1.1.1教学测评的涵义....................................
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作者:陈辉
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时间:2024-11-19