从后殖民主义视角看《库那图》和《烟云缭绕的街道》中的土著人物形象

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my thanks to Australia-China Council whose funding support

enabled me to make a trip to Edith Cowan University in Perth, Western Australia, for

the collection of thesis materials.

My heart-felt gratitude goes to my supervisor Professor Ye Shengnian, director of

Australian and Western Culture Studies Centre, the University of Shanghai for

Science and Technology, whose wide and profound knowledge and informative

lectures directed me into the field of Australian literature and whose help for me to

win a scholarship from Australian-China Council was greatly appreciated.

My special thanks go to Professor Glen Phillips, director of International Centre for

Landscape and Language, Edith Cowan University and his wife, Rita Tognini, whose

help with my stay in Perth and my thesis might fail to be conveyed in words.

Professor Glen Phillips’ rich knowledge in Australian literature, Katharine Susannah

Prichard study particularly, his wide connections with other literary scholars in

Western Australia and his much-valued guidance were of great help to me, without

which the completion of my thesis would have been impossible.

I am also truly thankful to Professor Dai Weihua, Professor Zhang Jinghao, Professor

Deng Zhiyong, Professor Wang Bin, Associate Professor Jin Wenning and some other

teachers, in whose lectures I have broadened and solidified my knowledge base and

laid a foundation for my thesis and future career.

Finally, I am deeply indebted to my dear wife who is always a source of support and

encouragement to me and who, while I am studying here in Shanghai, has to bear the

solitude from our separation and many other hardships of life.

ABSTRACT

Katharine Susannah Prichard (1883-1969) and Tim Winton (1960-) are both Australian

writers living in and mostly writing about Western Australia. Prichard’s Coonardoo

(1929) is regarded as a breakthrough in dealing with Black-White relations, especially

in the treatment of the taboo subject of Black-White sexual relations, while Tim

Winton’s Cloudstreet (1991) is turning out to be a modern Australian classic. Both

novelists in their novels show their sympathy and admiration for Aboriginal values and

express their wish for the two Australian races to peacefully co-exist with each other. It

is conceded that they are progressive and well-meaning in their attitude towards the

Australian Aborigines in their different times.

This thesis attempts to introduce the two famous Western Australian writers and their

works to Chinese readers. In addition to that, through a Post-colonial perspective, the

writer intends to uncover the real-life exploited condition of the Australian Aborigines

in the early colonial time in Coonardoo and its far-reaching influences on the

Aborigines in the period after World War Ⅱuntil the 1960s in Cloudstreet in the way

of racial discrimination towards the Aborigines, the dispossession of their ancestral land

and displacement, and sexual exploitation. Also, this thesis attempts to demonstrate that

the two novelists, progressive as they are, are not exempt from the sense of supremacy

the White generally held towards the Aborigines in the way of showing their racial

discrimination against them and the inclination to stereotype them.

Key Words: racism and stereotyping, dispossession and displacement,

sexual exploitation

摘要

凯瑟琳.苏珊娜.普里查德（1883-1969）和蒂姆.温顿（1960-）都生活在西

澳大利亚。他们的作品也大都以西澳为背景。普里查德的《库那图》（1929）被

认为在描写白人和土著民的关系,尤其是在处理当时令人忌讳的白人和土著民的

性关系方面是个突破。而蒂姆.温顿的《烟云缭绕的街道》（1991）也正在成为

一部现代经典。在这两部作品当中，两位作家都对土著人表现出了同情和欣赏,

并且表达了白人和土著民和平共处的愿望。必须承认，他们在各自的时代对土著

民的态度是积极和进步的。

该论文试图向中国读者介绍两位西澳作家以及他们的这两部作品。不仅如

此，作者以后殖民主义为视角，力图从种族歧视，土地和家园丧失和性的利用等

方面揭示《库那图》中殖民统治下土著民饱受剥削利用的生存状态以及它对《烟

云缭绕的街道》中描写的二次大战后直至 60 年代土著民的深远影响。该论文还

试图揭示，尽管这两位作家在各自时代是进步的，他们的作品仍然保留了部分白

人社会对土著民普遍的种族和形象歧视的色彩。

关键词：种族和形象歧视土地剥夺和家园丧失性利用

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

ABSTRACT

中文摘要

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….… 1

Chapter1 Racism and the Stereotyping of the Aborigines…………..……….… 12

§1.1 Racial Prejudice ………………………………………………………….….. 12

§1.1.1 The Origin of Racial Prejudice in Australia………………………………… 12

§1.1.2 Racial Prejudice Displayed in Coonardoo and Cloudstreet ……………..… 13

§1.2 The Stereotyping of Aborigines in Coonardoo and Cloudstreet…………….. 20

§1.2.1 The Stereotyping of Aborigines in Coonardoo ……………………..…. 20

§1.2.2 The Stereotyping of Aborigines in Cloudstreet …………………….….…… 22

Chapter 2 Dispossession and Displacement ………………..…….…………….. 24

§2.1 The Dispossession of Aboriginal Land ……………………………………… 24

§2.1.1 The Meaning of Land to the Aborigines …………………………………... 24

§2.1.2 The Dispossession of Land Revealed in Coonardoo and Cloudstreet……… 25

§2.1.3 The Ill Effects of Dispossession of Aboriginal land……………………....….. 28

§2.2 The Displacement of the Aborigines in Coonardoo and Cloudstreet………… 30

Chapter 3 Sexual Exploitation ……………………………………………….…. 35

§3.1 Sexual Exploitation of Aboriginal Women in the Early Colonial Period….….. 35

§3.2 Sexual Exploitation of Aboriginal Women in Coonardoo…………………….. 36

§3.2.1 Hugh’s Sexual Exploitation of Coonardoo …………………………………. 39

§3.2.2 Sam Geary’s Sexual Exploitation of Aboriginal Women …………………… 41

§3.3 Prichard’s Weakness in Her Treatment of Sexual Exploitation of Coonardoo…. 44

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………... 47

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………. 53

Appendix….………………………………………………………………………... 56

Publication……………………………………………………………………………63

Introduction

The intention of the thesis is threefold: first of all, to introduce the two famous

writers—Katharine Susannah Prichard (1883-1969) and Tim Winton (1960-) and their

works to Chinese readers; then to explore the real-life exploited position of the

Aborigines under the European colonisation in Western Australia in the 1920s and its

far-reaching influences on the Aborigines after World War Ⅱuntil the 1960s; finally, to

demonstrate that the two novelists, renowned as they are, can not escape their historical

limitations in displaying their prejudiced and stereotyped portrayals of the Indigenous

Australians in their respective works. Its value hopefully lies in the belief that this kind

of probe can excite our rethinking of the Australian past and help with the improvement

of Black-White relations today when reconciliation is being sought in Australia.

In light of the fact that most Australian writers and their works, Katharine Susannah

Prichard and Tim Winton included, as the distant continent itself that breeds them, are

rather remote to us Chinese readers, I will devote some space to the introduction of the

two writers and their works concerned, a brief view of the colonialist inclination of

traditional Australian literary works and post-colonial theory and how this theory is to

be employed for the criticism of the two novels.

§1. Katharine Susannah Prichard (1883-1969)

Katharine Susannah Prichard was a central figure in the literary developments of

Australia in the 1930s and the first Australian novelist to gain international recognition.

She was at the same time an active pacifist and Communist.

Prichard experienced many sufferings both personally and politically all through her life,

which profoundly influenced her own life course. The first of all these losses was her

father’s suicide in 1907, which was a direct cause for her to give up any religious belief

in God.

Prichard’s sympathetic awareness of social inequalities and injustices was keen from an

early age, despite her upbringing in a conservative, middle-class family. This awareness

was further raised to have a significant influence upon her later political life and finally

saw her as one of the founding members of Australian Communist Party.

The First World War also profoundly affected Prichard, killing her beloved brother

Alan, contributing to her husband’s subsequent suicide, and also helped her realize the

A Post-colonial View of the Aboriginal Roles in Coonardoo and Cloudstreet

real nature of war. “I hated the war bitterly and furiously, and every circumstance which

threw men into this madness of slaughtering each other.” Alan’s death inspired her to

“devote her life to the cause of peace”, to strive to prevent “ the diabolical slaughter

caused by war.” (Prichard, 1963:248-9) She thus became more active in the Australian

Communist Party (ACP) and later the movement for world peace.

The 1920s saw the first boom of her writings which included Working Bullocks (1926),

Brumby Innes (1927) and Coonardoo (1928). All Katharine’s political faith was centred

around Communism, which greatly inspired her works, especially the Goldfields

Trilogy which consists of The Roaring Nineties (1946), Golden Miles (1948) and

Winged Seeds (1950) and helped her overcome the tragedies in her life. To her, social

commitment was a writer’s first priority. She regarded her political activities as an

important part of her duty as a writer. Her pacifism was also integrated with her

socialist politics.

§2. Coonardoo the Novel

§2.1 The Story of Coonardoo

Published in 1929, Prichard’s novel Coonardoo was a breakthrough in her treating of

the then taboo subject of White people’s sexual exploitation of Black women. Its

success was recognised by its sharing of the first prize of ￡500 in the 1928 Bulletin

magazine Australian novel competition with Barnard Eldershaw’s A House Is

Built(1929).

Coonardoo is regarded nowadays as one of the masterpieces of Australian literature.

Yet, when the novel was serialized in The Bulletin during 1928, a stir was caused in the

White society because of the taboo on the open depiction of Black-White sexual

relations. The novel tells of a black woman Coonardoo on a cattle station called

Wytaliba, managed by a White widow Mrs. Bessie who intended to have Coonardoo

serve Hugh, her only son, when he took over the station in the future.

Hugh inherited the station after his mother passed away. Highly dependent on his

mother spiritually, he was in such great agony that he became somewhat mentally

unconscious. Coonardoo was sent by her husband Warieda to take care of Hugh. Then

one night, out of a swift vision of passion and tenderness (Prichard, 2000:70), he had

sexual relationship with Coonardoo and made her pregnant.

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摘要：

AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmythankstoAustralia-ChinaCouncilwhosefundingsupportenabledmetomakeatriptoEdithCowanUniversityinPerth,WesternAustralia,forthecollectionofthesismaterials.Myheart-feltgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYeShengnian,directorofAustralianandWesternCultureStudiesCentre,th...

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