酷儿理论视角下王尔德及其作品的分析

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摘要

作为一个另类文学天才，奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900) 这位文坛怪杰不论是在

其春风得意或是声名狼藉、锒铛入狱的时候，都是评论界热衷的研究对象。在文

学史的漫漫长河中，很长一段时间，王尔德没有享受到他作为一个文学大师应该

享受到的客观公正的待遇，他的同性恋行为令他在如日中天时锒铛入狱，这不仅

葬送了他的文学生命，也直接导致了这位文学大师的英年早逝。在他死后的近一

百年里，他的名字几乎是与臭名昭著和声名狼藉联系在一起的。直到他逝世后的

第一百年，人们才又想起这位曾一度被他们遗忘和唾弃的大师。对于这样一位艺

术家，我们应该采取什么样的态度对待他和他的作品？

国内对奥斯卡·王尔德的研究集中在他的唯美主义观和思想悖论方面,而对其

蕴涵的同性恋倾向和寓意往往是批评性地一笔带过。酷儿理论是 20 世纪 90 年代

在西方兴起的新的性理论。酷儿理论的出发点就是挑战传统的性别机制，试图解

构同性恋和异性恋的两分结构和性别两分法，从而向社会的“常态”挑战。

本文探讨王尔德及其作品与酷儿理论的契合之处，他的同性恋生活，他的作

品如《道连格雷的画像》中的同性恋情节、《萨乐美》中具有传统男性特征的莎乐

美对男权社会的反抗等都是对酷儿理论的诠释。本文通过对王尔德的同性爱情和

其作品中的人物分析探讨酷儿理论视角下的王尔德及其作品，以期拓展对王尔德

研究的深度和广度，从而更好地了解其创作的内在元素，深入解析这部作品的现

实意义。本文也希望可以促使人们质疑传统恒定的思维模式，思考异性恋是否是

唯一存在或唯一可能存在的性，并开始探索同性恋和异性恋共存的社会基础和直

面这一人类社会的客观现实。

关键词酷儿理论同性爱情性别结构

Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................. iv

Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Overview of Researches in China ........................................................................2

1.2 Overview of Researches on Oscar Wilde Abroad ................................................4

1.3 Researches on Oscar Wilde Involved with Queer Theory ................................... 6

Chapter 2 About Queer Theory .......................................................................................10

2.1 Origin of Queer Theory ......................................................................................10

2.2 Main Principles .................................................................................................. 11

2.3 Queer Theory and Literary Criticism .................................................................13

2.4 Michel Foucault’s Queer Theory ....................................................................... 14

Chapter 3 Queer Behaviors in Wilde’s Personal Affairs ................................................ 17

3.1 Brave Love with Douglas .................................................................................. 17

3.2 Bitter Love from Douglas--Indulged Child ....................................................... 19

3.3 Unchangeable Love ........................................................................................... 21

Chapter 4 Queer Theory in Wilde’s Works .................................................................... 24

4.1 Queer Behavior in The portrait of Mr. W. H. ..................................................... 24

4.2 Queer Behavior in The Portrait of Dorian Gray ............................................... 26

4.3 Queer Behavior in other Tales ............................................................................30

Chapter5 Deconstruction of Gender Binaries in Salome ................................................ 32

5.1 Traditional Gender Binaries ............................................................................... 32

5.2 Salome–Image Breaking through the Gender Binaries ..................................... 33

5.3 Womanly Men ....................................................................................................38

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 43

References ................................................................................................................45

在读期间公开发表的论文 .............................................................................................47

Chapter 1 Introduction

Oscar Wilde was an outstanding, hot-discussed genius. His works are the

manifestation of his extraordinary talent. He has always been the object of critics,

whether when he was famous for his successful writings or when he was notoriously put

into prison because of his love for beautiful boys. This thesis is hence to explore the

connection between Wilde himself, his works and queer theory, to point out some queer

characteristics in Wilde and his works, with the purpose of studying the writer from

another point of view. Through the analysis of the writer himself and the protagonists in

his creations, many principles and characteristics of queer theory are shown in two

aspects as deconstructing the heterosexual hegemony and gender binary.

Queer theory is a new theory about sex, gender, and social categories. With the

purpose of pursuing a freer life, Queer theory challenges boldly traditional norms about

sexuality, gender and social categories, it also was applied in literary criticism. Although

there were no chance to say that Wilde have consciously created this novel within the

particular framework of queer theory, many actions of the writer himself and his works

proved to be in accordance with the main principles of queer theory, such as Wilde’s

homosexual love to those beautiful boys, hidden homosexual love of the three

characters in The Portrait of Dorian Gray, man-like Salome and woman-like

protagonists.

In Wilde’s time, that is, Victorian time, love between two men or two women was

forbidden and even dangerous, just as Wilde called --- it was “the love that dare not

speak its name” (Ellmann, 1987, p.388). We can find a rebellious spirit in Wilde life and

works. Like a gorgeous dandy, he never concealed his preference to beautiful young

boys. His later notorious prison life still could not change his contempt for social rules.

In this sense, Oscar Wilde leads an example to shake off the fetters that normal society

imposes on “queer” people.

Gender issue is a core point that queer theory concerns about. Regarded as the

attachment to men and supposed to behave submissively, women were traditionally

controlled by men and were confronted with oppression in the relationship with men.

An Analysis of Oscar Wilde and His Works from the Perspective of Queer Theory

However, queer theory holds that one’s social gender should not be decided by his or

her physiological gender. According to the famous queer theorist Butler, no one can be a

standard, typical，and exclusive male or female(Butler, 1990, p. 138). That means, any

man could maintain some female qualities, any women could have some male

characteristics. The sufferings Salome was confronted with were deeply rooted in

long-term ideas in a male-orientated society. Only through deconstruction of gender and

sex, can women live a happy and free life. In Salome, regardless of the traditional

patriarchal notions, Salome struggles like a man. She could be regarded as a perfect

ideal of queers.

Wilde despised the mainstream of social moral rules, which coincidently reflect the

soul of queer theory-- challenging the obsolete traditional norms and opposing social

hegemony that categorizes people with specific labels. Queer theory deconstructs all

strict binary classifications and advocates people to live in a free world. From this view,

Oscar Wilde can be seen as a pioneer and a martyr.

This thesis is composed of five parts. Chapter 1 serves as an overview of research

on Wilde in China and abroad. Chapter 2 provides readers with the origin, principles of

queer theory. Moreover, application of queer theory in literary criticism will be

discussed briefly. Chapter 3 explores the Queer Behaviors in Wilde’s Personal Affairs,

his love for boys especially for Douglas, which almost costs Wilde’s whole life. Chapter

4 analyzes the main characters from the perspective of queer theory by deconstructing

sex binary oppression, that is, anti- sexism in Wilde’s works including The portrait of

Mr. W. H, The portrait of Dorian Gray and some other works. Chapter 5 explores the

anti-tradition character mainly expressed in Salome and The Importance of Being

Important in terms of deconstructing gender binary, which is also a principle of queer

theory, In the conclusion of the thesis, it is given a positive affirmation of the

significance of queer theory, which questions the leading position of heterosexual

hegemony and male-leading rules, and appeals people to speak out their feelings boldly.

1.1 Overview of Researches in China

Oscar Wilde, the eccentric genius of aestheticism, whose works range from poems,

Chapter 1 Introduction

essays, fairy tales, and novels to plays, has again become a popular project in literature

research in these years. New research results on him appear on the newspapers and

magazines every now and then. Under such circumstances, an overview of Wilde

research becomes very necessary.

Oscar Wilde has always been a hot name in China since his works were firstly

introduced to China in the early 20th century. And now, many Chinese critics have made

a synthetic study of him. A Chinese writer, Sun Yixue has translated and edited a series

of books about Wilde. They show us a lot of valuable historic materials such as his

letters and diaries. These books give us a lot of information of the last years of Wilde,

especially his two miserable years in Reading Gaol.

In the 1980s，

the research on Wilde has gained prosperous，

the achievements were

mainly research papers，

which were obviously more diversified than the ones before．

first ，they were mostly introductions to Wilde and his works without deep

exploration，and they also called for right evaluation of the author and aestheticism；

with the deepening of Wilde research ，critics realized their being partial in the

evaluation of his works and turned to affirm Wilde’s creation value by the analysis of

his specific work. They began to analyze his ideology and artistic skills by interpreting

his single work，such as the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. At the same time，they

began the overall comprehensive survey of all his works in order to better grasp his

ideas，

and they also began to study his influence in China．

From the 90s，

the research’s

outcome was more fruitful than the former years ，which made great progress in the

depth and extent in Wilde research．The research angles have been broadened to many

brand new fields，

not only the content and the aesthetic features，

but the culture．

Those

once evasive topics of Wilde in China, such as his homosexuality, have been openly

studied deep as a major aspect of Wilde’s writing (Wu Xueping，2003)．The researchers

have explored his aestheticism and his aesthetic paradox, more deeply from different

aspects--philosophy, and sociology, and the like ，especially on his only novel The

Picture of Dorian Gray，such as，A Paradoxical Aesthetic-on Wilde’s The Portrait of

Dorian Gray (Song ，2003)by Song Han ，Beyond Aestheticism: Oscar Wilde and

Consumer Society （Zhou, 2002 ）by Zhou Xiaoyi ，and Comparison between

Aestheticism and Psychoanalysis (Wang, 2001) by Wang Hui, and so on．Unfortunately,

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摘要：

iv摘要作为一个另类文学天才，奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)这位文坛怪杰不论是在其春风得意或是声名狼藉、锒铛入狱的时候，都是评论界热衷的研究对象。在文学史的漫漫长河中，很长一段时间，王尔德没有享受到他作为一个文学大师应该享受到的客观公正的待遇，他的同性恋行为令他在如日中天时锒铛入狱，这不仅葬送了他的文学生命，也直接导致了这位文学大师的英年早逝。在他死后的近一百年里，他的名字几乎是与臭名昭著和声名狼藉联系在一起的。直到他逝世后的第一百年，人们才又想起这位曾一度被他们遗忘和唾弃的大师。对于这样一位艺术家，我们应该采取什么样的态度对待他和他的作品？国内对奥斯卡·王尔德的研究集中在他的唯美主义观...

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