颗粒碰撞阻尼器减振机理实验研究

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摘要

碰撞阻尼属于振动控制中的被动控制技术，它利用振动过程中冲击器与主

系统的碰撞来控制主系统的响应。关于碰撞阻尼的研究最近得到了迅猛的发展，

在航天、航空、军工、汽车等领域和建筑、桥梁、铁路等结构工程的振动控制

中得到了广泛地应用，并取得了良好的减振效果。目前，有代表性地碰撞阻尼

包括：单体碰撞阻尼、多体碰撞阻尼、豆包碰撞阻尼、颗粒阻尼、非阻塞性颗

粒碰撞阻尼和带颗粒减振剂的碰撞阻尼等等。

碰撞阻尼大都以动量交换和摩擦作为耗能机理，将系统的能量暂时转移或永

久地消耗。在阻尼器腔体中加入钢球冲击器和颗粒减振材料，组成实验中需要

的颗粒碰撞阻尼器。它的减振机理是利用振动过程中钢球强烈地冲击碰撞作用

使腔体中的颗粒材料产生强烈地挤压变形，发生塑性变形，永久地消耗系统的

能量。同时，颗粒材料之间以及颗粒材料和阻尼器之间也存在摩擦作用，使系

统能量发生不可逆耗散。

本文以颗粒碰撞阻尼为主要对象进行实验研究，通过加入阻尼器中冲击器

（钢球）直径变化及颗粒材料、填充率变化，对阻尼器的减振效果进行研究，

比较了不同直径冲击器和不同颗粒材料、填充率组合的情况下系统的减振效果，

得出了实验结论，对工程中的实际应用具有一定的指导作用。同时，本文也进

行了颗粒阻尼和钢球碰撞阻尼的振动实验研究，对于影响振幅的重要因素进行

了分析，并与颗粒碰撞阻尼的减振效果进行了比较。实验结果表明，颗粒阻尼

器的减振作用与钢球碰撞阻尼相比减振效果相差较远，而带颗粒减振剂的钢球

碰撞阻尼在颗粒材料和填充率选择较好的情况下，在钢球碰撞阻尼的基础上可

以进一步抑制系统振幅，但并不是所有的颗粒材料与钢球在任何情况下都可以

降低系统的振幅，会因为颗粒材料的不同会出现不同的实验结果和结论。通过

颗粒碰撞阻尼的时效性分析，研究了颗粒碰撞阻尼器的减振效果与时间变化的

规律，验证了颗粒碰撞阻尼器的可靠性。

关键词：碰撞阻尼颗粒减振剂颗粒碰撞阻尼减振降噪机理振动与

噪声控制

ABSTRSCT

In vibration control field, collision damping belongs to passive control

technique, this technique controls the primary system response in vibration process

through the impact between the impacter and the primary system. The recent research

on impact damping has developed rapidly, in the fields of aerospace, aviation, war

industry, automobile etc, and bridges, railways and other structural engineering the

vibration control had been widely used, and obtained good effect of vibration

reduction. At present, the representative collision damping include: monomer impact

damping, multi-body impact damping, DouBao impact damping, particles damping,

the obstructive particles impact damping and impact damping with particle damping

agent, etc.

The energy dissipation mechanism of the impact damping includes two main

aspects: momentum exchange and friction, these elements can temporarily transfer

the energy off the system or consume the energy permanently. In the experiment,

impact damper consisted of steel balls impacters and particle damping agent. The

vibration reduction mechanism of the experiment is as follows: in the damper cavity

the steel balls strongly impacted the particle materials, strongly squeezed the particle

materials made them produced plastic deformation, in the vibration process

permanently consumed the energy of the system. At the same time, between the

particle materials and the particle materials and the damper and the steel balls existed

the friction that made the system energy dissipated irreversible.

In this paper, particle collision damping is object of the experimental research,

by adding variational diameter impacters(steel balls) and particle materials in the

damper, studied the vibration reduction of the damper, compared the system

reduction effect of different diameter impacters and different kinds of particle

materials in combination ways. It is concluded the relevant conclusions that can help

guide practical application in engineering in some extent. At the same time, in this

paper the particle damping vibration experiment and steel balls impact damping

vibration experiment were also done, the important factors can influence the

amplitude are analyzed and compared experimental results with the particle impact

damping. The experimental results show that the vibration reduction effect of the

particle damping is worse than that of steel balls impact damping. If the particle

materials and filling rate were chosen appropriate in experiment of steel balls impact

damping with particle damping agent, it can suppress the vibration further on the

base of experiment of steel balls collision damping, but not all the combination ways

of particle materials and steel balls can reduce the system amplitude, it will come to a

conclusion differently for different particle materials. Through the particle impact

damping experiment of time-effectiveness, the paper studied the rules of the

vibration reduction effect as the time changed and verified the reliability of particle

impact damper.

Keywords: impact damping, particle damping agent, particle impact

damping, vibration reduction and noise control

mechanism, vibration and noise control

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ........................................................ 1

§1.1 引言 ......................................................... 1

§1.2 阻尼减振技术 ................................................. 1

§1.3 碰撞阻尼、颗粒阻尼技术的国内外发展概况 ....................... 2

§1.4 颗粒碰撞阻尼及其减振机理的提出 ............................... 3

§1.5 论文的主要研究内容 ........................................... 4

第二章颗粒阻尼减振实验 ............................................. 5

§2.1 颗粒阻尼简介 ................................................. 5

§2.2 实验设备及装置 ............................................... 5

§2.2.1 设备及装置名称 .......................................... 5

§2.2.2 设备布置简图 ............................................ 5

§2.2.3 设备工作流程 ............................................ 6

§2.3 悬臂梁系统 ................................................... 7

§2.3.1 相关参数 ................................................ 7

§2.3.2 固有频率计算 ............................................ 7

§2.4 悬臂梁系统无外加阻尼振动 ..................................... 7

§2.5 颗粒阻尼减振实验 ............................................. 7

§2.5.1 实验材料 ................................................ 7

§2.5.2 实验方法 ................................................ 8

§2.6 实验数据及分析 ............................................... 8

§2.6.1 铜粉颗粒减振实验 ........................................ 8

§2.6.2 锌粉颗粒减振实验 ....................................... 10

§2.6.3 铝粉颗粒减振实验 ....................................... 12

§2.6.4 石英砂颗粒减振实验 ..................................... 13

§2.6.5 石墨颗粒减振实验 ....................................... 15

§2.7 耗能机理分析 ................................................ 16

§2.8 本章小结 .................................................... 17

第三章钢球碰撞阻尼实验 ............................................ 19

§3.1 碰撞（冲击）阻尼 ............................................ 19

§3.2 碰撞阻尼器的力学模型 ........................................ 20

§3.3 冲击器（钢球）碰撞阻尼实验 .................................. 20

§3.4 减振机理分析 ................................................ 21

§3.5 本章小结 .................................................... 22

第四章颗粒碰撞阻尼减振实验 ........................................ 24

§4.1 颗粒碰撞阻尼 ................................................ 24

§4.2 冲击器（钢球）和颗粒减振剂阻尼振动实验介绍 .................. 24

§4.3 钢球、铜粉阻尼减振 .......................................... 25

§4.3.1 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 20%的铜粉 ................ 25

§4.3.2 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 40%的铜粉 ................ 25

§4.3.3 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 60%的铜粉 ................ 28

§4.3.4 实验结果及减振机理分析 ................................. 30

§4.3.5 小结 ................................................... 31

§4.4 钢球、锌粉阻尼减振 .......................................... 32

§4.4.1 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 20%的锌粉 ................ 32

§4.4.2 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 40%的锌粉 ................ 33

§4.4.3 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 60%的锌粉 ................ 35

§4.4.4 实验结果及减振机理分析 ................................. 36

§4.4.5 小结 ................................................... 38

§4.5 钢球、铝粉阻尼减振 .......................................... 39

§4.5.1 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 20%的铝粉 ................ 39

§4.5.2 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 40%的铝粉 ................ 40

§4.5.3 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 60%的铝粉 ................ 41

§4.5.4 实验结果及减振机理分析 ................................. 43

§4.5.5 小结 ................................................... 44

§4.6 钢球、石英砂阻尼减振 ........................................ 45

§4.6.1 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 20%的石英砂 .............. 45

§4.6.2 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 40%的石英砂 .............. 46

§4.6.3 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 60%的石英砂 .............. 47

§4.6.4 实验结果及减振机理分析 ................................. 49

§4.6.5 小结 ................................................... 50

§4.7 钢球、石墨阻尼减振 .......................................... 51

§4.7.1 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 20%的石墨 ................ 51

§4.7.2 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 40%的石墨 ................ 52

§4.7.3 阻尼器中加入钢球和体积填充率为 60%的石墨 ................ 54

§4.7.4 实验结果及减振机理分析 ................................. 55

§4.7.5 小结 ................................................... 56

§4.8 本章小结 .................................................... 56

第五章颗粒碰撞阻尼时效性实验 ...................................... 57

§5.1 时效性实验 .................................................. 57

§5.2 颗粒碰撞阻尼时效性实验 ...................................... 57

§5.3 实验分析 .................................................... 57

§5.4 小结 ........................................................ 59

§5.5 300 小时后振幅预测 .......................................... 59

§5.6 本章小结 .................................................... 59

第六章全文总结与展望 .............................................. 60

§6.1 结论 ........................................................ 60

§6.2 展望 ........................................................ 62

参考文献 ........................................................... 63

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ..................... 66

致谢 .............................................................. 67

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摘要：

摘要碰撞阻尼属于振动控制中的被动控制技术，它利用振动过程中冲击器与主系统的碰撞来控制主系统的响应。关于碰撞阻尼的研究最近得到了迅猛的发展，在航天、航空、军工、汽车等领域和建筑、桥梁、铁路等结构工程的振动控制中得到了广泛地应用，并取得了良好的减振效果。目前，有代表性地碰撞阻尼包括：单体碰撞阻尼、多体碰撞阻尼、豆包碰撞阻尼、颗粒阻尼、非阻塞性颗粒碰撞阻尼和带颗粒减振剂的碰撞阻尼等等。碰撞阻尼大都以动量交换和摩擦作为耗能机理，将系统的能量暂时转移或永久地消耗。在阻尼器腔体中加入钢球冲击器和颗粒减振材料，组成实验中需要的颗粒碰撞阻尼器。它的减振机理是利用振动过程中钢球强烈地冲击碰撞作用使腔体中的颗粒材...

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