基于因子分析法的企业经营业绩评价及实证研究

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3.0 陈辉 2024-11-19 4 4 668.77KB 53 页 15积分
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摘 要
企业经营业绩评价问题是任何一个经济体系的核心问题,一直是国内外理论
界和实务界普遍关注的课题。在当今世界竞争日趋激烈的经济环境条件下,企业
面临着越来越多的挑战和冲击,成功的企业经营业绩管理成为企业持续经营的重
要条件。
本文介绍了企业业绩评价的背景和意义,分析了国内外对评价体系和评价方
法的研究现状。阐述了业绩评价的要素和评价程序,提出了指标体系的设计原则,
进而建立了业绩评价的指标体系。阐述了基于因子分析法的业绩评价模型,详细
解释了因子分析法的原理及性质,并介绍了因子分析法的计算步骤。最后基于SPSS
软件进行了实证研究。选择了电信计算机行业的上市公司作为研究样本,并选取
反映企业经营业绩水平13个财务指标借助因子分析法进行实证分析,得到了由
盈利能力、偿债能力、营运能力、现金能力和成长能力5个主因子组成的因子得分
模型,并进而计算出各个公司的综合得分和排名。文中还通过对个别公司的评价
结果进行分析,指出因子分析结果的实际应用意义。本文还对样本进行聚类分析
并对结果做了说明。
本文通过运用财务管理学、财务会计学以及统计学的知识,对企业经营业绩
做出整体性评价,并分析如何根据评价结果为企业改善经营管理服务,进而可以
对企业的经营战略管理水平等通过业绩评价做出反馈,如果经营成果没有达到目
标,管理者可以通过业绩评价确定问题所在以及采取相应措施进行改进等等。企
业的其他评价主体也可以根据各自的评价目的,对其所关心的内容做出相关分析。
因此,基于因子分析法的企业业绩评价具有十分重要的现实意义和广泛的应用。
关键词:业绩评价 指标体系 财务指标 因子分析 实证研究
ABSTRACT
Enterprise Performance Evaluation is a core question in all economic systems, and
is a hot topic in both the academic and practice field around the world. Under the
economic environment of increasing competition in current world, enterprise is faced
with increasing challenge and impact, and successful performance management
becomes important for an enterprise to gain sustaining management.
This paper introduces the background and significance of this research and
analyzes the current situation of both the domestic and foreign research in index system
and method for performance evaluation. It states factors of performance evaluation and
procedures of evaluation. Also, it puts forward the design principle of the index system
and establishes a new index system. Then it states the model of performance evaluation
based on factor analysis, and explains the principle and character of the factor analysis
in details. It also introduces the calculating steps for factor analysis. Finally, it performs
an empirical research based on SPSS software. It selects listed companies in telecom
and computer industries as samples and 13 financial indexes which reflects the
performance evaluation of these companies, using factor analysis to perform an
empirical research. At last gain a model composed of 5 factors named making profits
ability, repayment ability, asset administration ability, cash flow ability, and growing
ability. And their scores and rank are calculated. This paper also analyzes the results of
several companies, thus points out the application of this model. It performs cluster
analysis for the samples and explains the results.
This paper applies the knowledge of financial management, financial accounting
and statistics to perform an overall evaluation of the enterprise performance evaluation.
It also analyzes how to improve management according to the evaluation results, and
feed back for management of companies according to the evaluation. If the management
achievements don’t meet the objectives, the manager can determinate the problem and
take corresponding measures according to the evaluation results. The other subjects of
evaluation of companies can also analyze their concerned parts according to their
purposes. Therefore, enterprise performance evaluation based on factor analysis has
great significance and wide application.
Key WordsPerformance Evaluation, Index System, Financial Index,
Factor Analysis, Empirical Research
目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪 论 ····················································································1
§1.1 研究背景及意义 ····································································· 1
§1.2 研究现状及评价 ····································································· 1
§1.2.1 业绩评价指标体系的研究现状及评价 ·································· 2
§1.2.2 业绩评价方法的研究现状及评价 ········································ 4
§1.3 研究内容及思路 ····································································· 6
第二章 企业经营业绩评价指标体系的建立 ··············································8
§2.1 业绩评价要素 ········································································ 8
§2.2 业绩评价程序 ········································································ 9
§2.3 业绩评价指标体系的设计原则 ················································· 11
§2.4 指标体系建立 ······································································ 12
第三章 基于因子分析法的业绩评价模型 ··············································· 15
§3.1 因子分析模型的原理 ····························································· 15
§3.2 因子分析模型的计算 ····························································· 18
第四章 实证研究 ··············································································21
§4.1 数据选取 ·············································································21
§4.2 指标选取 ·············································································21
§4.3 利用 SPSS 软件的实证研究 ····················································· 21
§4.3.1 软件操作过程要点 ·························································21
§4.3.2 实证结果及解释 ···························································· 25
§4.4 结果分析 ·············································································34
§4.5 聚类分析 ·············································································36
§4.5.1 分层聚类过程 ······························································· 37
§4.5.2 聚类结果及分析 ···························································· 37
第五章 结 论 ·················································································· 42
§5.1 本文的主要工作和总结 ·························································· 42
§5.2 未解决的问题 ······································································ 42
§5.2.1 数据和指标选取存在的缺陷 ·············································42
§5.2.2 因子分析法的局限性 ······················································43
附录:上市公司研究样本 ··································································· 44
参考文献 ························································································ 47
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ·······························50
····························································································· 51
第一章 绪 论
1
第一章 绪 论
§1.1 研究背景及意义
企业经营业绩评价问题是任何一个经济体系的核心问题,一直是国内外理论
界和实务界普遍关注的课题。在当今世界竞争日趋激烈的经济环境条件下,企业
面临着越来越多的挑战和冲击,成功的企业经营业绩管理成为企业持续经营的重
要条件。
企业经营业绩评价就是为了实现企业的生产经营目的,运用特定的指标和标
准,采用科学的方法(如数理统计和运筹学方法),按一定的程序,通过定量定
性对比分析,对企业一定经营期间的生产经营活动过程及其结果做出的客观、公
正和准确的综合评判。进行企业经营业绩评价工作具有重要意义,企业经营业绩
评价具有判断(衡量)、预测、导向和管理四大功能,它有利于企业利益相关者
综合了解企业经营状况及其发展变化趋势,有利于企业建立和健全激励和约束机
制,提高企业经营管理水平和综合竞争能力。
随着我国市场经济体系的完善和发展,现代企业制度的建立和完善,企业已
成为市场经济的主体,企业经营业绩评价也成为众多人所关心的问题:如政府部
门需要通过经营业绩评价来对企业进行间接管理,制定合适的宏观调控政策;企
业所有者需要通过经营业绩评价来建立有效的激励与约束机制;企业经营者也希
望通过业绩评价了解企业的实际水平和在同行中的位置;还有众多与企业利益相
关的人均希望了解企业业绩情况的信息以进行有用决策。可以说,企业经营业绩
评价已成为当前的一个重大的研究课题。因此,对其的研究将具有很强的现实意
义。
但是,在目前的研究中,无论是指标体系的建立,或是评价方法的选择上,
都存在一些问题,比如在指标的选取上,忽视现金流量、非财务指标等方面;在
评价方法上,或只是进行简单的主观判断,或建立了不恰当的模型等。而且在业
绩评价中,普遍存在指标设置困难、计算不便以及评价结果和实际情况相差较大
等难题。本论文希望通过对企业经营业绩评价理论、评价指标体系以及评价方法
的探讨,对该课题的研究有所推进。
§1.2 研究现状及评价
对企业经营业绩评价的研究主要集中在业绩评价指标体系和业绩评价方法两
个内容上,现就分别对这两块内容的研究现状进行阐述。
基于因子分析法的企业经营业绩评价及实证研
2
§1.2.1 业绩评价指标体系的研究现状及评价
西方国家企业经营业绩评价发展史可以分为三个时期,即成本业绩评价时期
19世纪初——20世纪初)、财务业绩评价时期(约20世纪初——20世纪90年代)
和经营业绩评价的创新时期(20世纪90年代——)[1]
成本业绩评价时期分为早期简单成本业绩评价阶段、较复杂成本业绩评价阶
段和标准成本业绩评价阶段。早期的成本思想是一种很简单的将本求利思想,成
本计算也是一种简单的以盈利为目的的计算。这一阶段的经营业绩评价的重点就
是降低生产成本,由此形成了诸如每码成本、每磅成本、每公里成本等的评价指
标。这种业绩评价带有统计的性质。随着资本主义的发展,简单的成本业绩评价
已越来越不能满足工场的管理需要,因此,在早期的成本思想和简单成本业绩评
价的基础上出现了较为复杂的成本计算和业绩评价。19世纪末,随着资本主义市
场经济的进一步发展和竞争意识的加强,这种较复杂的成本会计核算与评价制度
已不能满足资本家最大限度地提高生产效率以攫取利润的目的要求,在1911
美国会计工作者哈瑞设计了最早的标准成本制度,实现了成本控制,成本控制的
状况即标准成本的执行情况和差异分析结果成为该时期评价企业经营业绩的主要
指标。
财务业绩评价时期经历了以销售利润率为中心的财务业绩评价阶段,以投资
报酬率为中心的财务业绩评价阶段和以财务指标为主的业绩评价阶段等20世纪
20年代,运用得比较广泛的财务业绩评价指标是销售利润率。然而,随着杜邦公
司、通用汽车公司这类多部门企业组织形式的发展,投资报酬率指标的应用范围
得到了进一步拓展。到60年代,运用得最广泛的业绩评价指标主要是预算、税
前利润和剩余收益等。20世纪70年代,麦尔尼斯(Melnnes)在对30家美国跨国公司
1971年的业绩进行评价分析后,发表了《跨国公司财务控制系统——实证调查》
一文,强调最常用的业绩评价指标为投资报酬率,包括净资产回报率,其次为预
算比较和历史比较。在泊森(Persen)莱西格(Lezzig)400家跨国公司1979年经营
状况所作的问卷调查分析中显示:采用业绩评价的财务指标还有销售利润率、每
股收益率、现金流量和内部报酬率等。20世纪80年代后,对企业经营业绩的评价
形成了以财务指标为主,非财务指标为补充的业绩评价指标体系。美国的许多公
司,包括跨国公司已意识到过分强调短期财务业绩是美国公司在与欧洲和日本企
业、公司竞争时处于不利地位的重要原因,于是他们把着眼点更多地转向企业长
期竞争优势的形成和保持上。
20世纪90年代,企业的经营环境面临着巨大的变化,由于经济全球化和世界
经济的一体化,导致竞争在全球范围内加剧,企业要生存求发展,取得最大效益,
摘要:

摘要企业经营业绩评价问题是任何一个经济体系的核心问题,一直是国内外理论界和实务界普遍关注的课题。在当今世界竞争日趋激烈的经济环境条件下,企业面临着越来越多的挑战和冲击,成功的企业经营业绩管理成为企业持续经营的重要条件。本文介绍了企业业绩评价的背景和意义,分析了国内外对评价体系和评价方法的研究现状。阐述了业绩评价的要素和评价程序,提出了指标体系的设计原则,进而建立了业绩评价的指标体系。阐述了基于因子分析法的业绩评价模型,详细解释了因子分析法的原理及性质,并介绍了因子分析法的计算步骤。最后基于SPSS软件进行了实证研究。选择了电信计算机行业的上市公司作为研究样本,并选取反映企业经营业绩水平的13个...

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