从修辞批评的女性主义视角看女政治家竞选语篇中的修辞策略

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Acknowledgments

This thesis is made possible with the support and encouragement of my

supervisor, all my friends and my family.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Deng

Zhiyong, for introducing me to the rhetorical research, providing me with tremendous

useful materials and helping me overcome the difficulties during the whole process of

my thesis writing. Without his guidance and encouragement, this thesis could not have

been materialized.

In addition, many thanks to Professor Dai Weihua, Professor Jiang Cheng, and

Professor Liu Qin, for their valuable advice and help. I must gratefully acknowledge

the help I have received from my friend Wang Li, from Fudan University, for finding

many valuable materials, Bai Xue, Chen Yanchao, etc., without their assistance and

encouragements, my thesis will not be accomplished on time.

Lastly, thanks to my family, my mother, father and my younger brother, who

just passed the national entrance examination in June, for their love and support

throughout my academic years.

ⅰ

ABSTRACT

This paper is started by the author’s interest in the new changes in women

politicians’ rhetorical strategies in their campaign discourse. Meanwhile, feminist

rhetorical criticism, as a powerful weapon in solving social problems, inspires the

author to do some research on this issue and wonder whether there are some rhetorical

explanations to these new changes.

In this paper, the author also explores the motives behind these new changes.

By analyzing the artifacts which concern the women politicians’ issues in campaign

discourse, the author digs out the possible rhetorical means women politicians use in

their political campaign and also studies their objectives in their choice of certain

rhetorical strategies. The purpose of this study is to find a rhetorical solution or

guidance for women’s issues by using classical and contemporary rhetorical theories

from the perspective of feminist rhetorical criticism and make it meaningful and

capable to be applied in other fields as a rhetorical contribution.

The paper takes gender theory as the chief theoretical lenses in dealing with

materials and examples in women politicians’ rhetorical strategies. In order to work

out the gender implications embedded in campaign discourse, the author turns to the

classical and contemporary rhetorical theories, chiefly the theory of three appeals and

the theory of identification as the two main theoretical weapons to handle the specific

artifacts through the feminist perspective, and then, to better interpret samples of

women politicians the author puts forward her original point based on the two theories:

Assimilation and Absorption. As the most original findings of this paper, the author

categorizes these two notions as varieties of identification which are generated in this

research on women politicians’ rhetorical strategies and are applied initially within the

scope of women’ issues when they are facing changes of expectations in their

audience and should change attitudes towards the dominant ideologies so as to

achieve the identification of gender with their target audience.

ⅲ

Furthermore ，in this paper, examples are both new and typical and never

beyond the scope of “big rhetoric”, that means, they cover all forms of symbols,

verbal and non-verbal. Here, the author selects speech transcripts, debates, and video

performances of women politicians. Finally, the paper also mentions the construction

of masculinity and feminity with the examples from American presidential election

through which the author attempts to put forward suggestions for women politicians

in their political campaign. In doing this research, the author hopes to make some

contributions to the development of rhetorical theories and women’s ultimate

liberation.

Key words: feminist rhetorical criticism, rhetorical strategies, three

appeals, identification, gender

ⅲ

摘要

近年来，国内外女政治家修辞策略发生的一些变化使得作者产生浓厚的研究

兴趣运用修辞学领域最新发展的修辞批评的女性主义视角对其进行分析，希望能

够为这些新变化找到相应的修辞学解释并在某种程度上反向发展修辞学理论。

本文中，作者首先从修辞和修辞批评这两大理论系统出发，寻找到本文写作

和研究的可能性和理论依据，进而又从产生，背景和操作等方面系统地介绍了修

辞批评的女性主义视角，其中作者着重阐述了这一视角的主要理论工具，社会性

别理论。社会性别理论的基本假设是认为社会性别不同于生理性别，它不是天生

的而是由社会建构的。从这一假设出发，作者找到了一种透析女政治家在修辞策

略的方式和方法。通过对比研究作者将研究范围锁定到政治竞选语篇上。这是修

辞和修辞学理论发展到现阶段并与现代交际相互作用的结果。由于大众传媒的发

展，现代交际变得复杂多变形式多样，修辞学的研究范围也随之扩大到除传统的

写作和口头之外的多种媒介形式。本文选材兼顾新颖性和典型性，并贴合“大修

辞”所规定的修辞批评对象的范围，即一切语言和非语言的符号。这里，作者将

选取新旧典型的女性政治家在各自参政中的演讲辞，辩论文稿，视频录像以及政

治倾向分析等资料作分析并提出影响女政治家形象的几个因素以及修辞策略。

透过修辞批评的女性主义视角，针对女政治家的修辞策略的新变化，作者深

入分析潜藏在这些变化背后的动因和影响因素，主要包括主流或处于支配地位的

意识形态和受众的行为活动，这两个因素的变化将随时影响女政治家修辞策略的

变化。随后，作者通过选取美国 2008 年总统选举中的例子，运用传统“三个诉

诸”和当代修辞理论中的“同一”理论作为分析工具，进而明确了女政治家修辞

策略实施的主要目标，即为实现与其受众的性别同一。为了进一步运用修辞学理

论来阐明女政治家的修辞策略，并找到这些策略的设计思路，作者提出两个理论

术语：同化（Assimilation）和吸收(Absorption)。分别用来表征该类修辞中修辞

者对于针对影响动因变化的态度变化和差别。由于这两个概念在女政治家的修辞

策略中既是手段也是目的，又是在运用修辞学分析工具中总结出来的，所以作者

将这两者归于“同一”在分析女性主义文本中的两个具体变体，是在之前理

ⅴ

论基础上运用修辞学手段并通过女性主义修辞批评视角分析得来的。在具体实践

例证中，作者发现尽管这两个概念是从女性主义视角得出的，它们也适用于一切

涉及支配与反支配的文本和社会问题的分析。

此外，本文试图对比分析女性气质和男性气质的建构，并在案例研究中引用

美国总统选举共和党副总统候选人佩林及麦凯恩，及其与女性对手党派代表希拉

里进行比较研究。通过这些努力，作者希望能够为修辞学理论的发展，女性政治

研究和女性解放事业尽绵薄之力。

关键词:修辞批评的女性主义视角修辞策略三个诉诸同一社会

性别

Contents

Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………...i

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..ii

摘要…………………………………………………………………………………...iv

Chapter One Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

1.1 Rationale for this study ..................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background .......................................................................................................3

1.3 Organization ......................................................................................................4

Chapter Two Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism ............................................................5

2.1 Rhetoric .............................................................................................................6

2.1.1 Definition and scope of rhetoric ............................................................. 6

2.1.2 Characteristics of rhetoric .......................................................................7

2.1.3 Functions of rhetoric ...............................................................................9

2.1.4 Approaches to rhetorical strategies ....................................................... 11

2.2 Rhetorical criticism .........................................................................................17

2.2.1 Defining rhetorical criticism .................................................................17

2.2.2 Background of rhetorical criticism ....................................................... 18

2.2.3 Development of rhetorical criticism ..................................................... 20

Chapter Three Feminist Rhetoric Criticism .................................................................22

3.1 Defining feminist rhetorical criticism .............................................................22

3.2 Background of feminist rhetorical criticism ................................................... 22

3.2.1 Social background .................................................................................23

3.2.2 Academic background ...........................................................................24

3.2.3 Theoretical basis of feminist rhetorical criticism ................................. 26

3.3 Operation of feminist rhetorical criticism .......................................................30

Chapter Four The Study of Women Politicians’ Rhetorical Strategies in Campaign

Discourse ..................................................................................................................... 33

4.1 Women politicians in campaign discourse ......................................................33

4.2 Objectives of women politicians’ rhetorical strategies ................................... 35

4.3 Motives behind women politicians’ rhetorical strategies ............................... 36

4.3.1 Dominant ideologies ............................................................................. 37

4.3.2 Audience’s activities ............................................................................. 41

4.4 Women politicians’ rhetorical strategies ......................................................... 45

4.4.1 Traditional strategies .............................................................................46

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ⅰAcknowledgmentsThisthesisismadepossiblewiththesupportandencouragementofmysupervisor,allmyfriendsandmyfamily.Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketothankmysupervisor,ProfessorDengZhiyong,forintroducingmetotherhetoricalresearch,providingmewithtremendoususefulmaterialsandhelpingmeovercomethedifficultiesduringth...

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