从中美对比看宗教哲学对商业精神的影响

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ABSTRACT

The development of human society and creation of numerous hi-tech devices make

cultural communication much easier and faster. The assimilation and integration among

different cultures makes cultures become more and more similar. Yet differences and

diversities still have great effects on the quality of communication. Among all the

cultural factors that result in communicating problems, religion is an important one. In

the study, Weber’s comparative theory of sociology of religion is applied to make a

comparative study on American and Chinese business cultures on the perspective of

religious philosophy, namely, Protestant Christianity and Confucianism.

To testify that religious philosophy has influences on business culture, especially

business spirits, two typical figures in Chinese and American history are presented:

Franklin and Hu Xueyan, both are famous for their business achievements and business

ideologies, and become models for businessman in these two countries. Benjamin

Franklin, the greatest American politician, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist of the

18th century is the idol for industrious, thrifty, and rationale American businessman. Hu

Xueyan, typical Chinese businessman, whose way of doing business is studied by

numerous businessmen in China and his life story has become the material for novels,

movies, and television plays.

By analyzing the business spirits of Benjamin Franklin and Hu Xueyan, similarities and

differences between American and Chinese business spirits are concluded. The

similarities lie in the spirit of thrift, industry, honesty and diligence, which can be found

in both American and Chinese business spirits; while the differences lie in four aspects:

profit vs. righteousness, conformity vs. individuality, authority vs. equality and Guanxi

(personal relationship) vs. covenant. From the analysis of the influences of religious

philosophy on these four points, the conclusion that religious philosophy does have

influences on business spirits is drawn in the end of the research.

The findings are helpful to businessmen who are doing business or will do business in

America and China. With the knowledge of courses for different business spirits, people

can improve the efficiency of business communication. The study focuses on the

relationship between religious philosophy (Confucianism may not be considered a

religion) and business spirits, and make a comparative study between American and

Chinese culture, which made this study meaningful in the field of both cultural studies

iii

and study of anthropology.

Key Words: Business Spirits, Protestant Christianity, Confucianism,

Religious Philosophy

摘要

人类社会的发展以及高科技通讯手段的发明使文化交流更加简单和快速。然

而，文化差异对于交流的质量，尤其是经济间的交流影响依然很大。不同的商业

精神暗示着不同的意识形态，这些不同之处很可能使商业交流陷入僵局。在产生

交流问题的各种因素中，宗教是其中之一。论文运用马克斯韦伯的比较宗教社会

学理论，从基督新教和儒家思想的角度对美国和中国的商业精神作了分析。

为了证明宗教思想对于商业精神有很大的影响力，论文选取了美国和中国历

史上两个典型人物：本杰明富兰克林和胡雪岩作比较。在各自的国家里，这两人

都以商业上的成功和商业精神闻名于世，并成为后人学习的楷模。富兰克林是 18

世纪美国著名的政治家、外交家、哲学家和科学家，也是美国商人勤奋、精明和

理性的代表。胡雪岩被认为是“中国式”商人的典型代表，他的经商思想被很多

商人学习，他的成功故事也成为很多小说、电影和电视剧的题材。

论文通过对富兰克林和胡雪岩的商业精神的分析得出美国和中国商业精神的

相同和不同之处。分析表明，两国的商业精神有精明、勤奋、诚实和勤勉的相同

处，也有很大的不同之处，主要表现在义与利，和谐与个人主义，权威与平等，

关系与契约四个方面。通过分析宗教思想对这四个方面的影响，论文最终得出了

宗教思想的确对商业精神有影响的结论。结果表明美国基督新教和儒家思想在很

大程度上影响着两国的商业精神。

研究的结果对于全球化背景下的商业交流尤其是中美商业间的交流有一定的

意义。论文以商业精神和宗教思想的关系为切入点，对中美商业文化之间的比较

在文化研究和人类学研究的领域提出了一些新的看法。在经济研究越来越重视文

化因素的前提下，这篇论文可以对经济研究提供某些新的视角。

关键词：商业精神基督新教儒家思想宗教哲学

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. I

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... II

摘要 ....................................................................................................................................IV

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................1

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................4

2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 4

2.2 DEFINITION ....................................................................................................................8

2.2.1 Religion.................................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1.1 Protestantism ....................................................................................................9

2.2.1.2 Confucianism ................................................................................................. 10

2.2.2 Business Culture ................................................................................................... 11

2.2.3 Business Spirits.................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................13

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN AND CHINESE BUSINESS

SPIRITS ...............................................................................................................................14

4.1 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ...................................................................... 14

4.1.1 Benjamin Franklin ................................................................................................14

4.1.2 Hu Xueyan............................................................................................................15

4.2 RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 16

4.2.1 Protestant Christianity.......................................................................................... 16

4.2.2 Confucianism........................................................................................................17

4.3 LIFETIME ......................................................................................................................17

4.3.1 Benjamin Franklin ................................................................................................18

4.3.2 Hu XueYan........................................................................................................... 20

4.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF RELIGIOUS

PHILOSOPHY ON BUSINESS SPIRITS ........................................................................24

5.1 RIGHTEOUSNESS VS. PROFIT ........................................................................................24

5.2 AUTHORITY VS. EQUALITY .......................................................................................... 28

5.3 CONFORMITY VS. INDIVIDUALITY ............................................................................... 30

5.4 GUANXI (PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)VS. COVENANT ...................................................34

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................................40

APPENDIX I ....................................................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX II ..................................................................................................................... 47

在读期间发表的论文 .......................................................................................................... 49

Chapter One: Introduction

A religion is the very heart of a nation; it expresses their feelings and their thoughts,

and exalts them by giving them an object; but unless outward and visible honor is paid

to a God, religion cannot exist; and, as a consequence, human ordinances lose all their

force. (E. Marriage 1961)

Globalization fastens the pace of the expansion of multinational companies. Business

performance in host country is determined not only by economic variables, but also by

the ability to adapt and handle cross-cultural conflicts. It is necessary for every

businessman to familiarize himself with the culture, especially business culture and

business spirits of the host country. Merger and alliance of companies from different

cultures makes this process more important and imperative. It is not enough to just

glance at some handbooks of Doing Business Interculturally,How to Do Business in

China, or How to Negotiate with Americans. In the process of cross-cultural business

communication, each party should know the values, codes, ethics, beliefs a person holds

and with which he conducts his behaviors. A Chinese Lenovo executive officer, with

Confucius way of managing staffs could be handicapped in handling his vigorous,

aggressive, egalitarian and argumentative former IBM employees. Problem would also

arise when an American Protestant manager co-works with his reticent, conservative

and enduring Chinese colleagues. He may find his Chinese subordinates would rather

follow his instructions than challenge any irrational idea. Also with the different ways of

thinking, a divergence of opinion may arise when an administration with both

Americans and Chinese set goals for the company.

In order to achieve more effective communication and better economic performance,

these characteristics of people from different cultures must be understood and well

disposed off. Aiming to answer such questions as What influences business culture most,

How business cultures differ from each other, this research makes a comparison

between Chinese and American business culture and dig out the most influential

elements that have shaped the similarities and differences between these two cultures.

Since Hofstede, cultural study is no longer done by the culturists and only for culture’s

sake. Cultural study becomes important to business operation. Studies by Hofstede

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摘要：

iiABSTRACTThedevelopmentofhumansocietyandcreationofnumeroushi-techdevicesmakeculturalcommunicationmucheasierandfaster.Theassimilationandintegrationamongdifferentculturesmakesculturesbecomemoreandmoresimilar.Yetdifferencesanddiversitiesstillhavegreateffectsonthequalityofcommunication.Amongallthecultu...

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