合作原则视角下武林外传中言语幽默的分析

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Acknowledgements

During the past several months of writing this thesis, many people have given me

unreserved encouragement and support. Without their advice and help, this thesis could

not have been completed so smoothly.

I am extremely indebted to my supervisor, Associate Professor Han Geling, for her

patient guidance and consistent encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. I am

grateful for her inspiration, support and suggestions in the whole process of completing

this thesis. My profuse gratitude also goes to her careful reading of my drafts. Without

her valuable guidance and criticism, the thesis would not have been completed.

I would also like to thank all the teachers in the School of Foreign Language of

Shanghai University for Science and Technology, to whom I owe much of linguistics

theories I have learned in their lectures.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends whose

consistent encouragement and supports have always been with me throughout the whole

process.

ABSTRACT

Humor constitutes an essential element and covers an extensive range of

representations in human daily communication. Besides, humor plays a vital role in our

everyday life. It not only serves to ameliorate interpersonal relationships and enliven the

communicative atmosphere, but it also marks its producer as a man with personal wit,

good taste and sound mind.

Therefore, a great deal of endeavor has been devoted to the theoretical and

practical probe into the use, production, interpretation and comprehension of humor in

various forms. The foregoing research by scholars of different backgrounds contributes

significantly to the understanding of humor as a whole and humor of specific genre.

However, the study data so far are basically confined to language used in

traditional genres like novels, drama or daily interlocution. As a result, the findings,

despite their convincing argument, fail to interpret and instruct some humor commonly

seen in non-traditional media like TV shows and movies. In view of the versatile

functioning of TV shows and the relatively inadequate attention invested, the present

author chooses to investigate the humor lying in TV sitcoms, based on the theoretical

framework—pragmatic cooperative principle—proposed in this thesis and an empirical

study of My Own Swordsman.

The thesis first examines the previous studies concerning the definition and

classification of humor and introduces a working definition integrated in the theoretical

framework for this research. Following the empirical research, the author brings home

that CP proves interpretative and instructive in humor production and comprehension in

TV sitcoms. The findings help to develop the interlocutor’s metapragmatic awareness

by adopting favorable pragmatic strategies positive to humor provoking and/or

perceiving.

Key Words: verbal humor; production; interpretation; sitcom; CP

iii

摘要

作为人们日常交际中的重要元素，幽默渗透到语言生活的方方面面。此外，

幽默在人们的日常生活中起着改善人际关系，调节谈话气氛的作用，而且赋予说

话人以智慧，良好的教养和心理健康的品质。会话幽默是一种极其普通又极其特

别的语言现象。它的语言内容可以千变万化，但无以计数的幽默却有着殊途同归

的效果：愉悦心情，绽放笑容。因而，有关幽默使用、产生、解释和理解的理论

和应用研究不胜枚举，前人从不同学科背景所进行的研究增强了人们对整体幽默

和各种具体幽默的认识。例如哲学、美学、心理学、生理学、社会学等都是幽默

研究的传统领域。

从20 世纪七、八十年代起，随着语义学和语用学的发展，很多语言学家在幽

默言语的研究领域做出了重大的贡献，把幽默研究带入一个新的时代。格赖斯提

出的合作原则是现代语用学的重要组成部分，在他之前很少有人从语用角度对幽

默进行研究。他提出的四个准则在幽默解读方面颇有影响。合作原则认为幽默产

生是因为违反四个准则：量的准则，质的准则，相关准则以及方式准则。格赖斯

认为幽默的产生机制是源于对合作原则的违反,言语幽默是违反会话原则而产生

的。

然而，从语用学的角度研究幽默基本局限在传统语体语料，如小说、戏剧或

日常交际。因而，尽管其研究成果论证较为有力，仍难以解释和指导一些常见的

非传统语料，如影视等。鉴于电视文本的多重功能且相对较少引起注意，本文拟

以语用学合作原则为理论框架，以情景喜剧《武林外传》为个案材料，研究其幽

默的产生和解释机制。

论文首先回顾了前人对幽默的定义、分类，以此为基础提出了作者的分类及

本文的理论框架定义。然后以情景喜剧《武林外传》的剧本为语料来源对其中的

幽默对白进行分类及分析，作者证明了合作原则对情景喜剧幽默的产生和解释机

制具有较强的阐释力和指导意义，其研究成果有助于增强交际者的元语用意识，

选择有利于产生和理解幽默。

关键词：言语幽默产生阐释情景喜剧合作原则

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………….i

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… ii

摘要……………………………………………………………………………………..iii

Chapter One Introduction ..............................................................................................1

1.1 Research Background ...............................................................................................................1

1.2 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Significance of This Study ....................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Methodology and Data Collection in This Study .................................................................... 2

1.5 Organization of the Thesis ....................................................................................................... 3

Chapter Two Literature Review .................................................................................... 4

2.1 Etymology of Humor ............................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Definitions of Humor ............................................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Dictionary Definitions ...................................................................................................6

2.2.2 Linguistic Definitions ....................................................................................................7

2.2.3 Working Definition of Humor in This Thesis ...............................................................9

2.3 Classifications of Humor ..........................................................................................................9

2.3.1 Koestler’ Classification ............................................................................................... 10

2.3.2 Martin Rod’s Classification ........................................................................................ 10

2.4 Classical Theories of Humor ..................................................................................................12

2.4.1 Superiority Theory ...................................................................................................... 13

2.4.2 Relief Theory ...............................................................................................................13

2.4.3 Incongruity Theory ......................................................................................................14

2.5 Modern Linguistic Theories of Humor .................................................................................. 14

2.5.1 The Semantic Script Theory of Humor .......................................................................15

2.5.2 The General Theory of Verbal Humor ........................................................................ 15

2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 16

Chapter Three Theoretical Foundation ...................................................................... 17

3.1 Approaches to Humor .............................................................................................................17

3.2 Theoretical Foundation of the Thesis: CP ..............................................................................18

3.3 Data Description .....................................................................................................................21

3.3.1 Introduction of Sitcom ................................................................................................ 21

3.3.2 Description of My Own Swordsman ........................................................................... 22

3.3.3 Verbal Humor in My Own Swordsman ........................................................................23

3.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 26

Chapter Four Analysis of Humor in My Own Swordsman ........................................ 28

4.1 The Production of Humor ...................................................................................................... 28

4.1.1 The Generation of Amusement Humor .......................................................................28

4.1.2 The Generation of Conflict Humor .............................................................................29

4.1.3. The Generation of Self-Depreciation Humor ............................................................ 30

4.1.4 The Generation of Self-Defense Humor .....................................................................31

4.2 The Interpretation of Humor .................................................................................................. 32

4.2.1 The Interpretation of Amusement Humor ...................................................................32

4.2.2 The Interpretation of Conflict Humor .........................................................................34

4.2.3 The Interpretation of Self-Depreciation Humor ......................................................... 34

4.2.4 The Interpretation of Self-Defense Humor .................................................................35

4.3 Functions of Humor ............................................................................................................... 37

4.3.1 Maintaining a Congenial Interpersonal Relationship ................................................. 37

4.3.2 Entertaining People with Fun and Relaxation ............................................................ 38

4.3.3 Mitigating Interpersonal Conflicts ..............................................................................39

4.3.4 Euphemizing the Intentional Offense ......................................................................... 39

4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 40

Chapter Five Conclusion .............................................................................................. 41

5.1 Major Findings ....................................................................................................................... 41

5.2 Implications of the Study ....................................................................................................... 42

5.3 Limitations of the Study .........................................................................................................42

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research .......................................................................................... 43

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 44

在读期间公开发表的论文 ............................................................................................ 47

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Research Background

As an old art and craft of language, humor remains a commonly seen phenomenon

that abounds in most aspects in social communication and appears in various media

such as books, films, televisions, mobile phones as well as the Internet. According to

A .A .Bergers, “there is no escaping humor and there is no subject, whether it be sex,

marriage, politics, religion, work, sports-you name it-that has not been ridiculed, joked

about, and used or abused one way or another, as gist for someone’s comic

militancy.”(Arthur, 1999:3)

Humor, as a social and linguistic lubricant, serves a wide range of functions in

human communication. Versatile as it is, humor brings happiness and pleasure to people

and it is a good way to mitigate conflicts among people with the facilitating of an

atmosphere featuring more pleasure and relaxing. Besides, humor is effective in

allaying sorrows and grief by encouraging people to take a more optimistic attitude

toward life. In a word, humor plays an important role in improving interpersonal

relationship and building a harmonious society. Therefore, it is quite significant to make

in-depth study on humor.

Throughout history, humor has attracted keen attention from scholars with a

number of academic backgrounds, such as linguistics, rhetoric, sociology, and

psychology. The pioneering work fruits significantly and has exerted enormously

impact to related theories and practices. An overview of the previous studies, however,

reveals that most of the done research is devoted to narrative texts or literary works,

leaving TV works basically intact. Stylistically, TV discourse distinguishes critically

from other genres and therefore deserves specific investigation. In view of the growing

popularity of TV humor and the consequent demand for theoretical probe from a

refreshed perspective, the present thesis proposes a piloting approach for humor study

followed by an empirical case study of a TV sitcom, hopefully to elucidate the

description of the enlightening and sufficient data.

1.2 Research Objectives

Study from this perspective has not abundantly been seen in academic contribution

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iAcknowledgementsDuringthepastseveralmonthsofwritingthisthesis,manypeoplehavegivenmeunreservedencouragementandsupport.Withouttheiradviceandhelp,thisthesiscouldnothavebeencompletedsosmoothly.Iamextremelyindebtedtomysupervisor,AssociateProfessorHanGeling,forherpatientguidanceandconsistentencouragement...

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