抗争还是依附？——简.爱与海斯特.白兰女性主义的比较分析

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Abstract

This thesis attempts to make a comparative analysis of feminism between Jane Eyre

and Hester Prynne. There are indeed piles of studies on Jane Eyre and The Scarlet

Letter, but not much analysis associates Jane Eyre with Hester Prynne. In this paper, the

author points out that although the social and historical backgrounds of the two novels

are very different, there are so many striking similarities between the heroines Jane Eyre

and Hester Prynne during their struggles for their rights: on the one hand, both of them

bravely rebel against patriarchy in spirits and actions, which is extraordinary in their

society. On the other hand, limited by their times and certain conventions of their

societies, the heroines are unable to thoroughly get rid of the shackles bound by

patriarchy in the process of their rebellion.

The analysis of the heroines’ rebellion proves that Jane Eyre and Hester Prynne have

made real progress on the way to women’s liberation and won quite a success in the end:

Jane Eyre gets her independence in economy, and her ideal life full of love comes true

while Hester isn’t seen as a sinful woman any longer, but as a prophetess giving light to

the women living in that gloomy community. However, they also have their

unavoidably limitation: the changes of the two heroines’ fates, the heroines’ intangible

reliance on their men and the heroine’s half-lost selves all expose the heroines’

concession to patriarchy in the struggle for their rights: on the one hand, Jane Eyre and

Hester Prynne do try their best to rebel against the society dominated by men; on the

other hand, both of them more or less make a concession to patriarchy in the end.

In the first chapter, to explore the writing motives of Charlotte Brontë and

Nathaniel Hawthorne, this thesis presents the backgrounds of the authors and their

heroines, the state of minds in puritan society of the 17th century, and women’s social

status in the 19th century. And in Chapter Two, the thesis explores the authors’ means to

express the heroines’ inner distress. Chapter Three comparatively analyzes Jane Eyre’s

rebellion and Hester Prynne’s in five aspects. From the analysis of their forms of

rebellion, specific actions, different levels of awareness of women’s liberation, different

views towards love and different returns, readers can see the similarities between Jane

Eyre and Hester Prynne who are real women soldiers fighting for equality and their

different ways and attitudes in each other’s struggle. When the paper goes to the last

chapter, Jane Eyre’s and Hester’s concession to patriarchy is probed. Consequently, the

thesis concludes: Jane Eyre’s and Hester Prynne’s feminism is a contradictory

integration of rebellion against and reliance on patriarchy.

Key Words: feminism rebellion reliance patriarchy

摘要

本文尝试从女性主义角度对简·爱与海斯特·白兰进行比较分析。研究《简

爱》和《红字》的作品虽已浩瀚如海，但将两部作品中的女主人公联系在一起进

行对比分析的论文为数并不多。本文认为两部小说发生的时代和背景虽不尽相同，

但简与海斯特在争取女性权利的过程中却存在着许多相似之处：她们在精神和行

动上奋力挣扎，大胆地藐视男权，具有一定的抗争性；然而在反抗的过程中，她

们又甩不掉男权为她们套上的枷锁，不自觉地依赖着男权，具有一定的依附性。

文中通过对两位主人公的抗争性的比较分析，肯定简·爱与海斯特·白兰在斗争

中所取得的成功；通过对她们的依附性的比较分析，指出简·爱与海斯特·白兰

最终或多或少地都对男权做了让步。

本文首先从两位作者和小说女主人公所处的时代与社会背景入手，分别介绍

十九世纪妇女的社会地位以及十七世纪清教徒社会人们的精神状态，明确《简爱》

作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特与《红字》作者纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的思想环境。第二章分

析了简与海斯特内心所受到的压迫及其表现形式。第三章对比分析了简与海斯特

在受到了压迫后所采取的反抗行动。通过对简与海斯特的反抗的方式、反抗的具

体行动、对女性主义认识的不同程度、对爱情的不同观点以及各自最终不同的回

归这五方面的比较分析，得出简与海斯特都是勇敢的女权主义战士，并在与男权

进行抗争的过程中都取得了一定的成功。第四章对比探讨了简与海斯特的另一面：

对男权做出的让步以及对男权的依附，进而得出简·爱与海斯特·白兰的女性主

义是抗争性与依附性的对立统一。

关键词：女性主义抗争性依附性男权

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

中文摘要

Introduction…………………………………………..……………..………….…….1

Chapter One Backgrounds of the Authors and Their Heroines……......................4

§1.1 Charlotte Brontë and Jane Eyre………………………………………….….…4

§1.2 Nathaniel Hawthorne and Hester Prynne……………………………….……..6

Chapter Two Means to Express Distress………………………………..……...…...9

§2.1 Means to Express Jane’s Distress.......................................................................9

§2.1.1 Red-Room………………………………………………………………….9

§2.1.2 Mad Woman in the Attic………………………………….……………….10

§2.1.3 Nightmare…………………………………...….…………………………11

§2.2 Means to Express Hester’s Distress………………….………………………..11

§2.2.1 Gloomy Atmosphere…………………………….………………………...11

§2.2.2 Dream and Reality……………………………….……………………..…12

§2.2.3 Scarlet Letter “A”……………………………….………………………...13

§2.2.4 Pearl…………………………………………….…………………………13

Chapter Three Comparison Between Jane Eyre’s Rebellion

and Hester Prynne’s…………………………………….…………………15

§3.1 Forms of Rebellion…………………………………………...………………..15

§3.1.1 Jane Eyre’s Form of Rebellion……………………………....……………15

§3.1.2 Hester Prynne’s Form of Rebellion…………………………..………..….17

§3.2 Rebellion in Action………………………………………………..…………...18

§3.2.1 Rebellious Actions by Jane Eyre……………………………………….…18

§3.2.2 Rebellious Actions by Hester Prynne………………………………..……22

§3.3 Different Awareness of Women’s Liberation…………………………..…...….24

§3.3.1 Jane Eyre’s Awareness of Women’s Liberation……………………..….…24

§3.3.2 Hester Prynne’s Awareness of Women’s Liberation…………………...….25

§3.4 Different Views Towards Love……………………………………………..….27

§3.4.1 Jane Eyre’s View Towards Love…………………………………..……....27

§3.4.2 Hester Prynne’s View Towards Love………………………………......…30

§3.5 Different Returns………………………………………..…………………..…32

§3.5.1 Jane Eyre’s Return………………………………………………………33

§3.5.2 Hester’s Return………………………………………………………….34

Chapter Four Reliance on Patriarchy………...……………………….…..………36

§4.1 Jane Eyre’s Reliance on Patriarchy…………………………………….…….36

§4.1.1 Jane Eyre’s Change of Fate……………………..………………...………36

§4.1.2 Death of “Real” Jane Eyre………………………....……………….……..37

§4.1.3 Jane Eyre’s New Status………………………………..………………….39

§4.1.4 Jane Eyre’s Reliance on Her Men…………………………………...……41

§4.2 Hester Prynne’s Reliance on Patriarchy……………………………………...42

§4.2.1 Hester Prynne’s Change of Fate..……………………………………..…..43

§4.2.2 Hester Prynne’s Reliance on Her Man……………………………..……..44

§4.2.3 Misrecognition of Her Own Identity………………………………...……45

Conclusion………………………………………………………...…………………47

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………48

在读期间公开发表的论文…………………………………………….…………….51

Introduction

Charlotte Brontë was a real feminist who “thought much of her duty, and had

loftier and clearer notions of it than most people, and held fast to them with more

success”. (Gaskell 471) Her great contribution to the world of literature is her

well-known novel Jane Eyre, which is said by Mrs. Oliphant to have changed the

direction of the female tradition: “Perhaps no other writer of her time has impressed her

mark so clearly on contemporary literature, or drawn so many followers onto her own

peculiar path”. (Showalter 106)

Nathaniel Hawthorne enjoys great popularity in American literature. “Except for

Whitman he was the most democratic of all our great nineteenth century writers but he

was also, in many of his views and his political affiliation, the most conservative.”

(Rubinstein 80) His works had a great influence on later American writers such as

Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and William Faulkner. ( 姚1) One of the

Hawthorne’s masterpieces is The Scarlet Letter. “The publication of The Scarlet Letter

was in the United States a literary event of the first importance. The book was the finest

piece of imaginative writing yet put forth in the country. There was a consciousness of

this in the welcome that was given it------a satisfaction in the idea of America having

produced a novel that belonged to literature, and to the forefront of it.” (James 88)

“More profoundly in The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne considers the effect on an

individual’s character of enforced penance, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.” (Rubinstein

99-100) Actually, Hester’s reaction to the “enforced penance” contains great spirits of

feminism.

There indeed have been piles of studies on feminism in Jane Eyre and The Scarlet

Letter. Yet, I still find it meaningful to re-study the two masterpieces. There are three

reasons why I choose feminism as the topic of my thesis: Firstly, previous studies focus

on the essence of the heroine Jane Eyre: Forçade Eugène, famous French critic, said that

Jane Eyre’s refinement wasn’t second to anyone else, and she walked into a perfect life

through her love ( 杨134); another French critic Montègut Émile also remarked that

Jane Eyre surpassed her pitiful appearance, her humble social status and the shocks in

her life (杨187); but a review in Christian Rememberancer regarded Charlotte Brontë

as antichristian: that heroine was the illusion of the image in a woman’s heart……the

author saw all the virtues as nothing but the disguised sins while all the self-control was

more severe selfishness (杨127). As far as I am concerned, these remarks on Jane Eyre

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摘要：

AbstractThisthesisattemptstomakeacomparativeanalysisoffeminismbetweenJaneEyreandHesterPrynne.ThereareindeedpilesofstudiesonJaneEyreandTheScarletLetter,butnotmuchanalysisassociatesJaneEyrewithHesterPrynne.Inthispaper,theauthorpointsoutthatalthoughthesocialandhistoricalbackgroundsofthetwonovelsarevery...

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