碟式分离机悬吊主轴动态性能研究

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摘 要
悬吊主轴系统和转鼓组件是碟式分离机的主要工作部分，悬吊主轴系统的结
构参数和弹性支撑的刚度系数，传动主轴的弹性变形，以及转鼓组件的偏心质量
都直接影响分离机的运转稳定性。因此，研究悬吊主轴系统的动态特性，分析弹
性支撑刚度和结构参数对悬吊主轴系统横向振动的影响，对于改进碟式分离机的
设计，提高其运行稳定性具有重要的工程实际意义。
本文应用有限元方法和虚拟样机技术，研究各个参数对悬吊主轴系统动态特
性的影响，优化悬吊主轴系统的结构参数，降低整个转子系统的横向振动，提高
分离机的运行平稳性。首先采用 SolidWorks 建立悬吊主轴系统的几何装配模型，
然后导入 MSC/ADAMS 中，经过对弹性支撑结构的简化，添加约束和运动副，用弹
性轴替换刚性轴后，建立悬吊主轴系统虚拟样机模型。在 MSC/ADAMS 中进行动力
学仿真，模态仿真，并对系统的各个参数进行设计研究，分析各个参数对于悬吊
主轴系统的横向振动的影响。
仿真计算结果表明：弹性支撑零件的刚度系数，转鼓组件的质量，转鼓组件
的质心位置和主轴轴承间的跨度对于悬吊主轴系统的临界转速和横向振动的振幅
有较大影响。其中弹性支撑的刚度系数对于悬吊主轴系统的横向振动具有较大的
敏感系数，而其它结构参数需要进行较大程度的改变才能对悬吊主轴的横向振动
产生影响。通过合理的配置弹性支撑零件的刚度组合和优化系统结构参数能够减
小系统的横向振动，提高系统运转稳定性。
选取弹性支撑刚度系数和结构参数中对悬吊主轴系统横向振动具有较大灵敏
系数的参数作为设计变量，应用 MSC/ADAMS 提供的优化计算功能对系统进行优化，
优化目标是使悬吊主轴系统在工作频域内横向振动的加速度值最小。经过优化获
得了最佳的系统参数，降低了悬吊主轴系统的横向振动，提高了碟式分离机的运
转稳定性。
本文建立的碟式分离机悬吊主轴系统虚拟样机模型，为进一步的研究碟式分
离机动态特性提供了平台，上述结论和方法为碟式分离机的设计和实际应用提供
了参考。
关键词: 悬吊主轴 弹性支撑 转鼓 虚拟样机 动力学仿真
模态仿真 优化
ABSTRACT
In a disc separator , both the suspension spindle system and the drum are the
important components of which stiffness , elastic deformation and rotating mass
determine the stability of the disc separator . So it is significant to analyze the
influence of support stiffness and structural parameters on dynamics characteristics of
the disc separator .
In this article , influences of parameters to the disc separator are investigated
based on virtual prototyping and simulation to optimize its structure . In the first ,
virtual prototyping model of suspension spindle system and drum is established by a
3D modeling software SolidWorks . Then , with the model , dynamics simulation and
modal simulation analysis are carried out by a mechanical dynamics analysis software
MSC/ADAMS , and through design study of parameters to determine the influence on
dynamics characteristics of suspension spindle system .
The simulation result indicated : The influence to critical speed and forced
vibration is great by changing support stiffness , the mass and centroid of drum ,and
the span between bearings that are mounted on the spindle . Through optimum of
support stiffness and structural parameters , stability of system could be improved ,and
lateral vibration could be weakened.
By choosing support stiffness and structural parameters as design variables ,
dynamics characteristics of system could be optimized to obtain the optimal
parameters , through the use of optimization module of MSC/ADAMS .
The virtual prototyping of suspension spindle system built in this article , provide
base for further study of dynamics characteristics of disc separators . The conclusion
and method mentioned above provide reference to the design and engineering
application of disc separators .
Key word: Suspension Spindle System，Elastic Support，drum，
Virtual Prototyping，Dynamics Simulation，
Modal Simulation Analysis，Optimization
目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论 ························································································ 1
§1.1 碟式分离机的应用、现状以及发展趋势 ············································1
§1.1.1 碟式分离机的应用及其现状 ····················································· 1
§1.1.2 碟式分离机技术发展趋势 ························································ 2
§1.2 高速旋转系统动态特性国内外研究现状 ············································4
§1.2.1 转子动力学的发展 ··································································4
§1.2.2 高速旋转系统动力学建模及动态特性分析研究现状 ······················· 5
§1.2.2.1 高速旋转系统动力学建模及建模方法 ···································· 5
§1.2.2.2 高速旋转系统动特性研究现状 ············································· 6
§1.2.3 高速旋转系统动态优化方法研究现状 ········································· 7
§1.3 课题的研究目的及意义 ································································· 8
第二章 虚拟样机技术概述 ·····································································10
§2.1 虚拟样机技术的概念 ···································································10
§2.2 虚拟样机技术的特点 ···································································10
§2.3 虚拟样机技术的应用 ···································································12
§2.4 虚拟样机技术在离心机动态特性分析中的应用 ································· 13
§2.5 ADAMS 软件概述 ·······································································14
第三章 碟式分离机悬吊主轴系统虚拟样机建模 ········································· 16
§3.1 碟式分离机结构简介 ···································································16
§3.1.1 调节座组件 ········································································· 17
§3.1.2 悬吊主轴组件 ······································································ 17
§3.1.3 转鼓组件 ············································································ 18
§3.2 基于 Solidworks 软件的碟式分离机悬吊主轴系统几何建模 ··················19
§3.2.1 Solidworks 软件及其特点 ························································ 19
§3.2.2 SolidWorks 实体几何建模过程 ················································· 20
§3.3 SolidWorks 与ADAMS 之间的图形数据交换 ···································· 23
§3.3.1 SolidWorks 与ADAMS 都支持的几种图形标准 ···························· 23
§3.3.2 SolidWorks 与ADAMS 之间数据转换的实验结论 ························· 25
§3.4 基于 ADAMS 软件的碟式分离机悬吊主轴系统虚拟样机物理建模 ·········25
§3.4.1 样机几何模型简化后导入 ADAMS 软件 ···································· 25
§3.4.2 定义轴套力替代橡胶弹簧 ······················································· 27
§3.4.3 定义拉压弹簧阻尼器替代尼龙平皮带 ········································31
§3.4.4 添加零件物理属性 ································································ 32
§3.4.5 确定零件间约束关系 ····························································· 32
§3.4.6 施加摩擦力和接触力 ····························································· 34
§3.4.7 施加驱动 ············································································ 35
§3.4.8 柔性零件替代刚性零件 ·························································· 35
§3.5 本章小结 ··················································································43
第四章 离心机虚拟样机动态特性仿真分析 ··············································· 44
§4.1 离心机悬吊主轴系统动态特性分析的理论基础 ································· 44
§4.1.1 多刚体系统动力学理论 ·························································· 44
§4.1.2 多柔体系统动力学理论 ·························································· 45
§4.1.3 多自由度系统振动理论 ·························································· 46
§4.2 离心机悬吊主轴系统动力学仿真分析 ············································· 47
§4.3 离心机悬吊主轴系统振动特性仿真分析 ·········································· 50
§4.3.1 离心机悬吊主轴系统模态分析 ·················································50
§4.3.2 离心机悬吊主轴系统受迫振动分析 ···········································51
§4.3.2.1 设置系统强迫振动分析的输入、输出通道 ···························· 51
§4.3.2.2 悬吊主轴系统在皮带张紧力激励下的应激响应 ······················ 53
§4.3.2.3 悬吊主轴系统在转鼓偏心质量激励下的应激响应 ··················· 54
§4.3.2.4 悬吊主轴系统在皮带张紧力和转鼓偏心质量激励下的应激响应 · 55
§4.4 本章小结 ··················································································56
第五章 离心机悬吊主轴系统动态特性优化 ··············································· 57
§5.1 设计参数选择和模型参数化 ························································· 57
§5.2 ADAMS 中设计研究与优化设计概述 ·············································· 57
§5.2.1 设计研究 ············································································ 57
§5.2.2 优化设计 ············································································ 58
§5.3 弹性支撑参数对悬吊主轴系统动态振动特性的影响 ··························· 59
§5.3.1 主轴支架橡胶减振垫刚度对系统应激响应的影响 ·························59
§5.3.2 调节座橡胶垫刚度对系统应激响应的影响 ··································61
§5.3.3 主轴支架缓冲橡胶套刚度对系统应激响应的影响 ·························62
§5.3.4 皮带刚度对系统应激响应的影响 ··············································63
§5.4 系统结构参数对悬吊主轴系统动态特性的影响 ································· 64
§5.4.1 转鼓组件重量对系统应激响应的影响 ········································64
§5.4.2 转鼓组件质心高度对系统应激响应的影响 ··································65
§5.4.3 主轴轴承跨度对系统应激响应的影响 ········································66
§5.5 悬吊主轴系统优化设计 ································································67
第六章 总结与展望 ··············································································70
参考文献 ··························································································· 71
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ··································74
致 谢 ······························································································ 75
第一章绪论
1
第一章 绪论
§1.1 碟式分离机的技术现状和发展趋势
§1.1.1 碟式分离机的应用及其现状
离心分离机是对利用离心力来实现固-液、液-液，以及液-液-固离心分离的机
械。离心分离机和其它分离机械相比，离心分离不仅能得到含湿量低的固相和高
纯度的液相，而且具有节省劳力、减轻劳动强度、改善劳动条件，以及连续运转、
自动遥控、操作安全可靠和占地面积小等优点。因此自 1863 年第一台工业用三足
式离心机在德国问世，迄今一百多年以来已获得很大的发展[1]。
碟式分离机是应用最广的离心分离机械,也是各个领域中数量最多的一种离
心分离机械。碟式分离机沉降距离小，通过增加碟片数量，可以获得大的当量沉
降面积，所以，生产能力很大。碟式分离机分离效率高，分离效果好，自动化程
度高，可以连续生产，占地面积小，是很有发展前景的分离机形式。
碟式分离机转鼓直径范围一般为 150～1000 毫米，近年来最大者达 1200 毫米；
转速 6000～10000 转/分，最高者达 12000 转/分；分离因素 5000～14000，当量沉
降面积最大达 30000 米2；生产能力最大达 100 米3/时。
如按物料的分离要求来分,离心分离可分为以下 4种[2]:
①乳浊液中含有少量轻相,目的是提纯重相,去除轻相,如牛奶脱脂,血清分离
等。
②乳浊液中含有少量重相,目的是提纯轻相,去除重相,如油的脱胶、脱皂和脱水。
③悬浮液的固相浓缩和乳浊液轻相浓缩,如酵母、淀粉、羊毛脂等的浓缩。
④含有微量固体杂质液体的澄清,如果汁、啤酒等。
在农业、食品加工、香料生产、医药、化工、石油工业、气体精制等工业生
产中碟式分离机获得了广泛应用。
国外生产碟式分离机的厂家有 10 多家，有代表性的是瑞士的 Alfa-Laval，德
国的 Westfalia 和 Kyffhauserhutte Arten，美国的 Dorr-Oliver 和 Sharples，
这些公司生产的碟式分离机安排渣方式分为人工排渣，喷嘴排渣，活塞排渣三种，
其转鼓按功用分为澄清、净化、浓缩三种，按整机结构分为开式和密闭式。由于
生产在不断扩大和提高，难以分离的物料不断出现，使国外碟式分离机的系列型
号，品种规格以及在分离技术和自控技术方面也不断发展。我国碟式分离机与国
摘要：

摘要悬吊主轴系统和转鼓组件是碟式分离机的主要工作部分，悬吊主轴系统的结构参数和弹性支撑的刚度系数，传动主轴的弹性变形，以及转鼓组件的偏心质量都直接影响分离机的运转稳定性。因此，研究悬吊主轴系统的动态特性，分析弹性支撑刚度和结构参数对悬吊主轴系统横向振动的影响，对于改进碟式分离机的设计，提高其运行稳定性具有重要的工程实际意义。本文应用有限元方法和虚拟样机技术，研究各个参数对悬吊主轴系统动态特性的影响，优化悬吊主轴系统的结构参数，降低整个转子系统的横向振动，提高分离机的运行平稳性。首先采用SolidWorks建立悬吊主轴系统的几何装配模型，然后导入MSC/ADAMS中，经过对弹性支撑结构的简化，添...

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