供应链中多个客户订单分离点的定位研究

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摘要

随着科学技术的快速发展和生活水平的普遍提高，人们对商品和服务的需求

越来越广泛，要求也越来越高。企业深知如今已经进入了“供应链竞争”的时代，

而且这种竞争正在进一步升华为供应网络之间的竞争，各条供应链之间的战略联

盟以及供应链中成员企业的相互合作是时代发展和市场竞争的必然结果。如何以

一种最优的供应战略组合去应对多变的市场需求，在降低成本和增加客户满意度

的同时获得丰厚的收益，是广大企业在供应链活动中一直追寻的目标。

作为供应链上由基于库存生产（make to stock,MTS）转向基于订单生产(make

to order,MTO)的分离点，客户订单分离点（Customer Order Decoupling Point，

CODP）对企业间的战略联盟有着重要的影响作用。同时 CODP 又是供应链上的战

略库存点，具有缓冲调节平准化生产与动态市场需求的冲突的作用，合理的 CODP

定位能够优化供应链结构，降低成本，提高响应速度。

一个产品往往由多个零部件和模块组成，所有这些零部件和模块的供应商来

自于一个复杂的网状型供应链，此供应链中存在多个客户订单分离点。本文研究

了供应链中多个 CODP 的定位问题。首先，从产品结构(Bill of Material,简称 BOM

表)的角度研究整个供应链，给出了有多个 CODP 的供应链模型。其次，建立交货

期约束下的供应链成本模型，使用 Lindo 软件求解最优的 CODP 定位，并通过情境

模拟证实了该模型的准确性。最后，对交货期、需求波动、成本和加工提前期等

影响 CODP 定位的因素进行了灵敏度分析。

本文用定量模型给出了求解供应链中多个 CODP 最优定位的方法，并揭示了需

求波动和交货期等因素对供应链中各节点企业运作模式的影响，对供应链运作理

论研究及实践操作具有一定的指导意义。

关键词：供应链客户订单分离点备货生产定货生产

ABSTRACT

Along with the fast development of science and technology and the increase of

people’s living level, customers’ demands for product and service become wider and

more variable. How to use their own competitive advantages to obtain further

development in the intensive competition market is the most important strategic target

which most enterprises must face. Now the society already entered the period of

"competitions between supply chains". Nevertheless, such competitions are changing

to competitions between supply networks with the further intensity of market

competition. The strategic alignments of supply chains and the cooperation of nodal

enterprises within supply chains are the inevitable trend of the competitions. How to

confront the variable market demands with the optimal supply strategy, and how to get

higher profit while reducing costs and improving customer satisfaction, is the

continuously target for all of the enterprises within supply chains.

Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP) is the turning point from make to stock

to make to order in the supply chain. It has an important impact on the strategic

alignments among nodal enterprises in supply chain. CODP is also the strategic

inventory point in the supply chain, which is a buffer adjusting variable market

demand and production smoothness. A reasonable position of CODP can improve the

structure of supply chain, reduce costs and increase the response rate.

In reality, a product consists of many parts and components, and, consequently,

their supplies form a complicated supply chain with multiple customer order

decoupling point. This paper positions multiple customer order decoupling points of a

product in a complicated supply chain. Based on the bill of materials (BOM) of a

product, a mathematical model is developed in order to find the multi-CODP in the

supply chain through MTO (make to order) and MTS (make to stock) integration, with

the objective of minimizing the overall cost subject to satisfying customer delivery

time. The results computed by Lindo show that the hybrid strategy is better than a pure

MTO or MTS strategy in a dynamic supply chain and tight delivery deadline

environment. Based on the mathematical model and its solution, the mutual impact

between the multiple decoupling points and customer delivery time, demand variability,

cost and process lead time in the supply chain is investigated through sensitivity

III

analysis.

Key Word: Supply Chain, Customer Order Decoupling Point,

Make-to-stock, Make-to-order

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论.....................................................................................................................1

§1.1 研究背景 ................................................... 1

§1.2 研究意义 ................................................... 2

§1.3 研究思路和论文框架 ......................................... 3

第二章相关理论及文献综述.........................................................................................5

§2.1 供应链相关理论 ............................................. 5

§2.1.1 供应链与供应链管理 .................................... 5

§2.1.2 供应链的类型 .......................................... 6

§2.1.3 供应链管理发展回顾 .................................... 7

§2.2 客户订单分离点相关理论及文献综述 ........................... 9

§2.2.1 CODP 的概念界定 ....................................... 9

§2.2.2 按 CODP 划分的供应链运作模式 .......................... 10

§2.2.3 CODP 定位的影响因素分析 .............................. 12

§2.2.4 CODP 定位的研究现状 .................................. 13

第三章基于多个客户订单分离点的供应链...............................................................15

§3.1 备货生产与定货生产及其运行机制 ............................. 15

§3.2 MTS/MTO 混合供应链 ......................................... 17

§3.3 基于多个 CODP 的 MTS/MTO 混合供应链 ......................... 20

第四章多个 CODP 的供应链建模.................................................................................23

§4.1 网络图与关键路径 ........................................... 23

§4.2 变量定义 .................................................. 24

§4.3 模型建立 .................................................. 27

第五章基于多个 CODP 供应链模型的数值研究.........................................................29

§5.1 情境模拟与结果分析 ........................................ 29

§5.2 CODP 定位的灵敏度分析 ...................................... 31

§5.2.1 关键路径 ............................................. 32

§5.2.2 客户交货期和需求波动的影响 ........................... 33

§5.2.3 单个部件的成本和提前期的影响 ......................... 33

§5.3 本章小节 .................................................. 35

第六章总结与展望.......................................................................................................37

§6.1 全文工作总结 .............................................. 37

§6.2 进一步研究展望 ............................................ 38

参考文献.........................................................................................................................39

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果.............................................45

致谢.................................................................................................................................47

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摘要：

I摘要随着科学技术的快速发展和生活水平的普遍提高，人们对商品和服务的需求越来越广泛，要求也越来越高。企业深知如今已经进入了“供应链竞争”的时代，而且这种竞争正在进一步升华为供应网络之间的竞争，各条供应链之间的战略联盟以及供应链中成员企业的相互合作是时代发展和市场竞争的必然结果。如何以一种最优的供应战略组合去应对多变的市场需求，在降低成本和增加客户满意度的同时获得丰厚的收益，是广大企业在供应链活动中一直追寻的目标。作为供应链上由基于库存生产（maketostock,MTS）转向基于订单生产(maketoorder,MTO)的分离点，客户订单分离点（CustomerOrderDecouplingP...

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