模糊语言及其语用功能的研究

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Acknowledgements

The accomplishment of this thesis results from the help from all sorts. Hereby I

would like to express my gratitude to those who made the thesis possible.

First of all, this M.A. thesis is accomplished under the inspiration and enlightenment

of my respected supervisors Prof. Lü Le and Prof. Dai Wei Hua. I am extremely grateful

to them for their valuable and helpful direction, suggestions and comments that are very

crucial to the writing of this thesis.

My sincere appreciation goes further to Prof. He Gang, who offers a lot of help in my

study of linguistics, and I am also deeply indebted to all the teachers who have taught

me the MA courses, which has been a source of great help for the accomplishment of

this thesis.

Last but not least, I appreciate very much the contribution to this thesis by my family

members and my friends. I am really grateful to their help, especially their spiritual

supports.

ABSTRACT

The appearance of Zadeh’s fuzzy sets theory in 1965 has a great impact on

linguistics. Since the end of 1960s, the study of vague language has been increasingly

important and aroused the interest of many people. On the basis of the fuzzy sets theory,

linguists at home and abroad have done a lot of research work concerning vagueness

phenomenon in natural language from the perspective of philosophy, semantics and

human cognition etc. However, little work is done from pragmatic aspect. This thesis,

therefore, based on the previous studies, attempts to investigate vagueness from the

angle of pragmatics. It aims to find out various pragmatic functions of vague language

by analyzing how language users make use of vague expressions to achieve certain

purposes on the theoretical basis of the Cooperative Principle, the conversational

implicature theory, the Politeness Principle and the face theory.

The present paper is divided into five chapters.

The first chapter severs as an introduction.

The second chapter summarizes previous studies and introduces some basic notions

relative to vague language, including the definition and sources of vagueness, the

distinction of vagueness, fuzziness, generality and ambiguity, and fuzzy sets theory.

The third chapter discusses the classifications of vague language, which is mainly

the introduction of the classifications made by the representative of foreign linguistics,

Joanna Channell and the famous Chinese scholar Prof. He Ziran.

The fourth chapter is the most important part of this thesis, which analyzes

pragmatic functions of vague language in the framework of the Cooperative Principle,

the conversational implicature theory, the Politeness Principle and the face theory.

The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the thesis. It points out the significance of

better understanding and manipulation of vague language, the limitation of the present

study and further research possibility.

Key Words: Vagueness, Vague Language, Pragmatic Functions

iii

摘要

美国控制论专家扎德(L.A.Zadeh)于 1965 年创立了模糊集合论。模糊集合论

一经诞生，便对语言学研究产生了巨大的影响，从而，以研究模糊语言为中心的

模糊语言学渐渐诞生了。国内外的语言学家从哲学、语义及认知等方面运用模糊

理论对语言模糊性进行了大量研究工作，而且也存在着一些不同的观点和认识，

但是很少有学者对于模糊语言作语用研究。本文将在前人研究的基础上，从语用

的角度探讨语言的模糊性。以合作原则，会话含义理论以及礼貌原则和面子理论

为理论基础，围绕语言使用者如何利用模糊语言来达到自己的交际目的，总结出

模糊语言的语用功能，强调模糊在语言中的重要作用。

本文分五章进行阐述，主要内容如下：

第一章为引言。

第二章综述了前人对模糊语言的研究和认识，并介绍了与模糊性相关的基本概念

和理论。包括模糊性的定义和来源，模糊与歧义、笼统的区别，以及模糊集理论。

第三章探讨了模糊语言的分类，主要介绍国外模糊语言研究的代表人物查奈尓和

我国著名学者何自然教授对于模糊语言的不同分类。

第四章为本文的重点，探讨了模糊语言和合作原则，会话含义理论，礼貌原则和

面子理论的关系，分析模糊语言的语用功能。

第五章为结论，指出理解模糊语言及其语用功能有助于我们更有效地交际，并指

出本文研究的局限性和进一步研究的可能方向。

关键词：模糊性模糊语言语用功能

Contents

Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………...ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................... iii

Chapter One Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

§1.1 Object of the Present Research ................................................................................. 1

§ 1.2 Rationale of the Present Research ............................................................................1

§1.3 Objectives of the Present Research ...........................................................................2

§1.4 Data and Methodology ..............................................................................................2

§ 1.5 Structure of the Thesis............................................................................................. 3

Chapter Two Vagueness in Language ............................................................................... 4

§ 2.1 Distinction of Some Terms ...................................................................................... 4

§ 2.2 Literature Review ...................................................................................................10

§ 2.3 Causes of Vagueness .............................................................................................. 14

§ 2.3.1 Objective World ...............................................................................................14

§ 2.3.2 Linguistic Symbols ..........................................................................................15

§ 2.3.3 Cognitive Subjects ...........................................................................................16

§ 2.3.4 Changes of Social Trends................................................................................ 17

Chapter Three Classification of Vague Expressions ....................................................... 19

§ 3.1 Joanna Channell’s Classification of Vague Expressions ........................................19

§ 3.2 He Ziran’s Classification of Vague Expressions .................................................... 21

Chapter Four Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language Studied in the Framework of

Pragmatic Principles and Theories ..................................................................................25

§ 4.1 Vague language and the Cooperative Principle ......................................................25

§ 4.1.1 Obeying the Maxim of Quantity—Giving Right Amount of Information ...... 26

§ 4.1.2 Obeying the Maxim of Quality—Being Objective ......................................... 27

§ 4.1.3 Obeying the Maxim of Relation—Being Relevant and Avoiding Being Abrupt

..................................................................................................................................... 28

§ 4.1.4 Obeying the Maxim of Manner—Expressing Clearly .....................................29

§ 4.1.5 Making up for Lexical Gaps in order to Continue the Topic ...........................30

§ 4.2 Vague language and the Conversational Implicature Theory ................................ 31

§ 4.2.1 Withholding Information ................................................................................ 31

§ 4.2.2 Self-protection ................................................................................................. 32

§ 4.2.3 Being Humorous ..............................................................................................34

§ 4.2.4 Being Persuasive ............................................................................................. 35

§ 4.2.5 Weakening or Canceling Conversational Implicatures ....................................36

§ 4.3 Vague Language，the Politeness Principle and the Face Theory ..........................37

§ 4.3.1 Lessening the Force of Imposing on the Addressee ........................................ 38

§ 4.3.2 Showing Generosity ........................................................................................ 39

§ 4.3.3 Showing Respect ............................................................................................. 39

§ 4.3.4 Being Modest ...................................................................................................40

§ 4.3.5 Mitigating Disagreement ................................................................................. 40

§ 4.3.6 Showing Sympathy ..........................................................................................41

Chapter Five Conclusion .................................................................................................42

Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 44

在读期间公开发表论文 .................................................................................................47

Chapter One Introduction

§1.1 Object of the Present Research

In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science

of the University of California at Berkeley, proposed the concept of “Fuzzy Sets”,

which spurred a new boundary theory widely used in mathematics, linguistics, logics,

philosophy and other disciplines. His theory has aroused interest worldwide and has

also provided us with an effective tool for the description of vague language.

In language practice, vagueness is indeed of great pragmatic value and vitality，and

in this paper, the author attempts to analyze vague language from the perspective of

pragmatics. This paper will focus on the discussion of pragmatic functions of vague

language.

§ 1.2 Rationale of the Present Research

Vague language and its pragmatic functions are chosen as the object of the present

study because of the following reasons.

First, vagueness is one of the properties of natural language. We will notice that

vague language exists widely in our language. Usually, speakers use vague language not

because they do not have accurate information, but because they feel that it is more

beneficial to make a less definite statement. Under certain circumstances, speakers

choose vague expressions purposefully in order to meet various needs although they are

well-spoken with strong ability to convey the relevant ideas in a more precise way. By

choosing vague expressions intentionally, the speaker will make the language he or she

produces to serve certain pragmatic purposes. This interesting contradiction between

preciseness and vagueness arouses the author’s desire to explore vague language.

Second, previous researches on vague language are mainly done from the semantic

perspective, cognitive perspective and philosophical perspective, etc., paying little

attention to the pragmatic aspects of vagueness. Based on the linguistic analysis of the

vague language widely used in various fields of life, the present study is expected to

enrich this topic from a pragmatic perspective, focusing on the pragmatic functions of

vague language.

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iAcknowledgementsTheaccomplishmentofthisthesisresultsfromthehelpfromallsorts.HerebyIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetothosewhomadethethesispossible.Firstofall,thisM.A.thesisisaccomplishedundertheinspirationandenlightenmentofmyrespectedsupervisorsProf.LüLeandProf.DaiWeiHua.Iamextremelygratefultothemfort...

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