基于强化损伤耦合分析的汽车零件强度评价系统开发

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3.0 牛悦 2024-11-19 4 4 1.66MB 69 页 15积分
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摘 要
为了使车辆具有足够的强度,保证运行安全,工程技术人员在产品设计时通
常要进行强度计算,对关键零部件进行静强度试验,并根据试验结果修改和优化
设计,这种设计方法试验周期长,成本高,仅采用有限元加安全系数的方法,结
构强度仍有较大过剩,不利于轻量化设计,进一步减重很有必要。近几年的一些
研究者提出了各种各样的剩余强度预估模型,但是这些模型均只考虑大载荷损伤
作用,忽略了小载荷的强化作用,显然未能充分考虑载荷谱中载荷信息,强度潜
力得不到充分发挥。
本文在研究过程中,首先基于先前低强度零件(汽车前轴)和高强度零件(变
速箱齿轮)的低载强化试验,分析和总结出小载荷反复作用下,结构强度增长特
征;利用数值方法建立了不同强度级别零件低载强化规律的一般性描述,并借助
中强度零件的低载强化试验进行对比分析,得到了任一强度等级零件低载强化后
疲劳强度的变化规律。
为了证明强化确实如同损伤一样,直接关系到强度评价和寿命预估精度,本
文又基于最小耗能原理,推导出包含强化和损伤在内的强度演变本构关系,引入
强化和损伤因子,来描述大小载荷对疲劳强度变化规律的影响。
考虑到影响疲劳强度改变的因素比较复杂,以中强度零件的试验研究为基础,
又引入频次和次序因子,次序因子意在因载荷等级高低作用次序不同,引发的疲
劳强度的变化规律不同,先作用大载荷后作用小载荷和先作用小载荷后作用大载
荷,显然后者寿命要长一些。同时,在作用次序一样时,寿命又因小载荷的作用
次数产生变化,可见频次因子也很关键。
经过精确的数值模拟和试验研究,本文建立了包含上述四种因子在内的强度
演变模型,利用此模型,可以有效的预测任一载荷环境下零件的强度变化,通过
半轴、汽车车架等零件的试验数据,证明此模型的预估精度要比其他模型高,由
于综合了各种因素,再加上强度变化的定量表达,此模型有很大的实际应用价值。
最后,基于强度演变模型,建立了包含强化过程的汽车结构强度评估理论和
方法,并针对此方法进行了软件编制。新的强度评估理论为技术人员充分把握剩
余强度和剩余寿命提供了方法和指导,为建立基于使用载荷和结构疲劳强度特征
的轻量化设计提供了理论依据和技术支持,同时,也将为汽车零部件的回收和重
复利用提供技术依据。
关键词:低载强化 载荷次序 强度演变 强度评价
ABSTRACT
In order to have enough strength and work safely, vehicle engineers usually
calculated the value of strengthdid static strength tests in carrying out product design,
also, they did modification and optimization according to the test results. But this
method was deployed in long test cycle and high cost, only following the way of finite
element plus safety factor, there was still some residual strength which would not be
beneficial for lightweight design, thus it is necessary for further weight reduction. Lately,
some researchers put forward all kinds of residual strength evaluation models, most of
the models didn’t consider the strengthening of low amplitude loads, just focused on the
damage of high amplitude loads, obviously it can’t make full use of load information to
ensure the full exertion of strength potential.
During the study, it first refers to previous research on strengthening tests of low
strength parts and high strength parts which respectively taking automobile front axles
and cylindrical gears as representatives, analyze and summarize strength increasing
feature; by means of numerical analysis, general description of strengthening under low
amplitude loading for different strength level parts is worked out, comparing with the
test results of middle strength level parts, the regularity of strengthening by low
amplitude loads to any strength level parts is gained as an extension.
In proving strengthening directly effects strength and life evaluation, this study
deduces constitutive relation of strength evolvement including strengthening and
damage, also introduces strengthening and damage factor to show the influence on
regularity of fatigue strength transformation in different load levels.
Considering the complexity of factors influencing strength, frequency factor and
sequence factor were put forward based on test researches of middle strength level parts,
sequence factor shows that different loads sequences result in different residual strength,
former high loads and latter low loads compared with former low loads and latter high
loads, the latter sequence obviously have longer life. Furthermore, fatigue life changes
with different low amplitude load cycles, so frequency factor is also very important.
After accurate numerical simulation and test research, strength evolvement model
is established by use of four factors above-mentioned, it can asses strength
transformation under random loads, from test results of half-axle and auto frame, it is
verified that prediction of this model is more precise than that predicted by other models.
Due to the integration of different influence and quantitative expression, this model will
have a good practical value.
Lastly, based on the strength evolvement model, this test establishes one theory and
method for strength evaluation which includes strengthening process, for using this
model easier, the software based on this model is programmed. This method provides
theory and direction for getting exact life evaluation of residual strength and life. It is a
helpful exploration to establish theory and method of weight reduction design based on
load and fatigue strength characteristics, also a beneficial technical support for
reclamation and auto parts using repeatedly.
Key Word: Strengthening under low amplitude loading, load sequence,
strength evolvement, strength evaluation
目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论.....................................................................................................................1
§1.1 课题概况...........................................................................................................1
§1.1.1 研究背景.................................................................................................1
§1.1.2 研究意义.................................................................................................1
§1.1.3 课题来源.................................................................................................2
§1.2 国内外研究现状...............................................................................................2
§1.2.1 疲劳强度和剩余强度研究.....................................................................3
§1.2.2 低载强化研究.........................................................................................5
§1.3 本文研究内容...................................................................................................6
第二章 强度评价理论.....................................................................................................9
§2.1 静强度评价.......................................................................................................9
§2.2 疲劳强度评价...................................................................................................9
§2.3 基于低载强化的强度评价.............................................................................10
§2.3.1 强化因子和频次因子...........................................................................10
§2.3.2 损伤因子...............................................................................................11
§2.3.3 次序因子...............................................................................................12
§2.4 拟解决关键问题.............................................................................................13
第三章 低载强化特性研究...........................................................................................15
§3.1 引言.................................................................................................................15
§3.2 中强度零件的低载强化试验.........................................................................15
§3.2.1 物理试验................................................................................................15
§3.2.2 数值试验................................................................................................18
§3.2.3 低载强化三维曲面方程.......................................................................18
§3.3 低载强化特性一般性描述..............................................................................19
§3.3.1 零件强度等级与强化次数、锻炼载荷的关系式...............................19
§3.3.2 零件强度、载荷等级与寿命、疲劳强度提高比例之间的关系式...19
§3.3.3 数值推导中强度零件的低载强化特性...............................................20
§3.4 对比分析.........................................................................................................20
§3.5 传动轴剩余强度和剩余寿命试验.................................................................21
§3.6 次序因子测定试验.........................................................................................22
§3.7 小结.................................................................................................................22
第四章 强度演变数学模型...........................................................................................25
§4.1 引言.................................................................................................................25
§4.2 本构关系.........................................................................................................25
§4.2.1 最小耗能原理.......................................................................................25
§4.2.2 导出本构方程.......................................................................................27
§4.3 静强度演变数学模型.....................................................................................27
§4.3.1 低载强化力学模型...............................................................................27
§4.3.2 静强度演变模型...................................................................................28
§4.4 疲劳强度演变数学模型.................................................................................29
§4.4.1 强化因子 V和频次因子 W ................................................................. 29
§4.4.2 损伤因子 C ............................................................................................30
§4.4.3 次序因子 Y ............................................................................................31
§4.4.4 疲劳强度演变模型................................................................................32
§4.5 小结.................................................................................................................33
第五章 模型验证.......................................................................................................35
§5.1 中强度零件传动轴的剩余强度试验.............................................................35
§5.2 某拖拉机半轴试验.........................................................................................36
§5.2.1 静强度试验...........................................................................................36
§5.2.2 扭转疲劳试验.......................................................................................37
§5.3 EQ140 汽车车架............................................................................................. 38
§5.4 数学模型在转向管柱轻量化设计中的应用.................................................40
§5.5 小结.................................................................................................................46
第六章 强度评价方法确定.........................................................................................49
§6.1 结构件低载强化特性确定.............................................................................49
§6.2 载荷谱分析.....................................................................................................49
§6.3 基于低载强化的强度评估理论.....................................................................50
§6.4 小结.................................................................................................................51
第七章 强度评价系统开发...........................................................................................53
§7.1 引言.................................................................................................................53
§7.2 软件开发关键技术.........................................................................................53
§7.2.1 编程工具选择........................................................................................53
§7.2.2 载荷谱数据载体...................................................................................54
§7.3 VB Excel 的调用控制方式 ........................................................................ 54
§7.3.1 Excel 模板的设计 ................................................................................ 54
§7.3.2 VB 环境下对 Excel 的操作 .................................................................. 55
§7.4 图形操作.........................................................................................................56
§7.5 软件界面以及功能说明.................................................................................56
§7.6 小结.................................................................................................................58
第八章 结论与展望.......................................................................................................59
参考文献.........................................................................................................................63
在读期间公开发表论文和承担科研项目及取得成果.................................................65
致 谢...............................................................................................................................66
第一章 绪论
1
第一章 绪论
§1.1 课题概况
§1.1.1 研究背景
发达国家和发展中国家在当代都面临着能源消耗危机,GDP 的增长与石油煤
等能源消耗量之间存在着同向性关系,有资料表明,GDP 每增长 1%石油消耗量
也相应增长 1%左右,但是随着使用效率的提高和替代能源的出现,在发达国家,
能源消耗量逐渐低于 GDP 的增长,而在发展中国家的石油消耗量却远远快于 GDP
的增长。以车辆油耗为例,数据显示,美国每辆汽车每年消耗 1.8 吨燃油,欧盟
1.5 吨,日本只1.1 吨,而中国竟然高达 2.3 吨,这与我国汽车设计过重、钢铁
资源消耗过多不无密切联系,同样这也是制约企业利润摊薄竞争力下降的主要因
素。
当前和今后的相当长时期内,安全、环保、节能将成为汽车行业发展的主题。
面临着能源危机,各大汽车企业纷纷寻找节能减排的突破口,从结构(造型、工
程设计)、材料(以塑代钢、镁合金板材、复合材料板材以及其他新型板材)、
工艺(成型性,回弹控制与补偿)等方面加大投资力度,同时,现代汽车设计,
也越来越多的倾向于新能源以及燃料电池轿车的设计与开发,这是顺应时代的发
展趋势,响应国家“十一五”规划目标,致力于将 GDP 能耗降低 20%这对汽车
行业来说是挑战也是机遇,如何将能耗从根本上降下来,实现汽车的轻量化设计,
是问题的根本。
目前,轻量化设计主要有两种方法,一种是对传统材料按疲劳强度理论进行结
构可靠性方面的优化设计。这种方法以保证使用可靠性为目标,可使材料的强度
潜力得到一定程度发挥,实现有限轻量化,同时成本降低。新的汽车轻量化设计
采用另一种方法,即选用高强度轻质材料(如 TRIP 钢,超轻钢,铝合金,镁合金,
工程塑料,碳纤维等),按传统的许用应力加安全系数的方法进行设计[1-2]。由于
汽车成本的 80%由设计决定,因此,这种设计的直接后果是成本过高,本文所研究
的内容基于前一种设计方法,这是轻量化设计的核心技术。
§1.1.2 研究意义
疲劳强度问题是关系到结构的使用寿命和保障车辆安全行驶的的重大问题之
摘要:

摘要为了使车辆具有足够的强度,保证运行安全,工程技术人员在产品设计时通常要进行强度计算,对关键零部件进行静强度试验,并根据试验结果修改和优化设计,这种设计方法试验周期长,成本高,仅采用有限元加安全系数的方法,结构强度仍有较大过剩,不利于轻量化设计,进一步减重很有必要。近几年的一些研究者提出了各种各样的剩余强度预估模型,但是这些模型均只考虑大载荷损伤作用,忽略了小载荷的强化作用,显然未能充分考虑载荷谱中载荷信息,强度潜力得不到充分发挥。本文在研究过程中,首先基于先前低强度零件(汽车前轴)和高强度零件(变速箱齿轮)的低载强化试验,分析和总结出小载荷反复作用下,结构强度增长特征;利用数值方法建立了不...

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作者:牛悦 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:69 页 大小:1.66MB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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