古诗词中隐喻的翻译：解读与重构

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ABSTRACT

Metaphors widely exist in traditional Chinese poems and are one of the core

factors attributing to the conciseness, cultural value and historical value of traditional

Chinese poems. Distinguished from science and technology translation, the aims of

poetry translation are not restricted to transferring information; instead, poetry

translation is more about the transmission and exchange of art and culture. Proper

interpretation and reconstruction are not only the prerequisite of loyal and accurate

translation of traditional Chinese poems, but also the necessary conditions of culture

transmission and exchange and the essential commission of poetry translators.

This thesis categorizes metaphors in traditional Chinese poems into metaphors of

objects, metaphors of events, metaphors of scenes and metaphors of space, based on

which it analyzes and studies the interpretation and reconstruction of such metaphors

and further searches the possible guiding rules.

As with other literary works, traditional Chinese poems belong to readers rather

than the authors ever since created. Diversity of interpretation is in one of the essential

attributes of literary works including traditional Chinese poems. Due to the author’s

factors, historical and cultural changes and the factors on the reader’s side, some

traditional Chinese poems have been endowed with multiple interpretations, which are

in this thesis attributed to metaphors of events, metaphors of scenes, controversial

metaphors, traditional “misinterpretations” and interpretations of puns. Both the

intended multiple interpretations (e.g. multiply interpretations due to metaphors of

events, metaphors of scenes, puns) and the unintended multiple interpretations (e.g.

controversial metaphors, traditional “misinterpretations”) are parts of the artistic and

cultural value of traditional Chinese poems. Reserving diversity and accessibility of

such metaphors is a necessary requirement of being loyal to the original works and also

an important research subject for translation of traditional Chinese poems.

From the perspective of the above mentioned “commission” and “subject”,

translators should try as possible to reserve the metaphoric features, the artistic value

and the historical and cultural value of traditional Chinese poems. As some metaphors

rely on the unique characteristics of the language, it is sometimes required to modify the

iii

metaphoric mechanism, when conceptual blending works as one of the means. This

thesis also discusses the relations between metaphors and stylistics, including the lexical

foregrounding, the style as choices, and the configurational foregrounding. Such

stylistic features are not only important or even essential features of some poems, but

also have a great effect on the meanings and the interpretation and reconstruction of

traditional Chinese poems.

This thesis utilizes quite a lot of examples to illustrate the categorization,

interpretation and reconstruction of traditional Chinese poems. Several translations by

famous scholars at home and abroad are critically compared and analyzed, and

meanwhile the author also offer his translations for most of such examples based on the

translation philosophy of this thesis, aiming to reappear the artistic feature, maintain the

diversity and accessibility of multiple interpretations and transmit the artistic and

cultural value of traditional Chinese poems.

Key Words: Traditional Chinese Poems, Metaphors, Interpretation

Diversity, Reconstruction

摘要

隐喻广泛使用于汉语古诗词，是汉语古诗词高度凝练性、文化价值和历史价

值的核心因素之一。诗词翻译不同于科普翻译，其目的不止于传递基本信息，更

重要的是一种文艺和文化的传播与交流。对隐喻的恰当解读与重构既是对汉语古

诗词忠实而准确的翻译的必要条件，又是文化传播与交流的必然要求，是汉语古

诗词翻译工作者的重要使命。

本文对汉语古诗词中隐喻的使用进行了范畴化，将其分为物的隐喻、事的隐

喻、境的隐喻和空间隐喻四大类。在此基础上，本文对汉语古诗词中隐喻的解读

与重构进行分析、认识并总结其规律。

与其他文学作品一样，汉语古诗词从诞生时起，就不再属于作者而“属于”

读者。解读的开放性是包括汉语古诗词在内的文学作品的本质属性。由于作者因

素、历史文化变迁及读者因素等原因，一些汉语古诗词存在多种解读。本文大致

把这种“多种解读”的现象归因于事的隐喻、境的隐喻、争议性解读、传统“误

读”和双关五个范畴。无论是作者有意预置的多种解读（例如事的隐喻、境的隐

喻、双关），还是由读者因素引起的多种解读（例如争议性解读、传统“误读”），

均为汉语古诗词文艺价值与文化价值的重要组成部分，在翻译中有机地保留这种

解读的开放性和可及性即是忠于原作的必然要求，也是文艺与文化传播的需要，

是汉语古诗词翻译的重要课题。

基于以上“使命”和“课题”，在隐喻的重构中，译者必须致力于尽可能保留

汉语古诗词的隐喻特征、艺术价值、解读开放性及其历史文化价值。由于某些隐

喻以语言特色为机制，在向另一种语言传播时，会存在转变这种机制的必要性，

概念整合是较好的一种选择。本文还讨论了隐喻与文体的关系，包括文体风格、

词汇的前景化及诗歌整体形式的前景化；文体特征不仅是一些诗词的重要艺术特

色，而且在一定程度上影响着汉语古诗词的意义及其解读与重构。

本文在汉语古诗词的范畴化、解读与重构中列举了翔实的实例，每个实例均

援引了中外名家风格差异较大的译本进行比较、分析与批判，大多数实例根据本

文的翻译理念提供了自己的译本，旨在重现原作艺术风格的同时，较好地保留解

读的开放性与可及性，以期较好地传播汉语古诗词的文艺与文化价值。

关键词：汉语古诗词隐喻开放性解读重构

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................... iv

Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................1

1.1 Traditional views and cognitive views on metaphors ......................................... 1

1.1.1 Traditional views on metaphors ............................................................... 1

1.1.2 Metaphors in cognitive lin.2guistics ........................................................ 2

1.1.3 Conceptual metaphors and “traditional metaphors” ................................ 3

1.1.4 Metaphors and metonymies ..................................................................... 3

1.2 Studies on metaphors and metaphor translation ................................................. 4

1.2.1 A goal and translating principle ............................................................... 5

1.2.2 Accessibility of source domain selection of metaphors ...........................5

1.2.3 A poem itself is a macro metaphor ...........................................................6

1.2.4 Metaphors and images ............................................................................. 6

1.2.5 Guiding principles of metaphor translation in this thesis ........................ 7

1.3 What can be done regarding to studies of metaphors in traditional Chinese

poems ........................................................................................................................ 8

1.3.1 Metaphor study in this thesis ................................................................... 8

1.3.2 Diversity with loyalty in understanding and translating traditional

Chinese poems .................................................................................................. 8

Chapter 2 Metaphors in Traditional Chinese Poems .................................................10

2.1 Metaphors in Chinese culture ........................................................................... 10

2.2 Metaphors in Chinese poetry ............................................................................ 11

2.3 Classification of metaphors ...............................................................................12

2.3.1 Metaphors of objects ..............................................................................12

2.3.2 Metaphors of events ............................................................................... 17

2.3.3 Metaphors of scenes ...............................................................................24

2.3.4 Metaphors of space ................................................................................ 32

Chapter 3 Interpretation of Metaphors in Traditional Chinese Poems ...................35

3.1 Factors considered in interpretation of metaphors ............................................36

3.1.1 Historical and cultural background of poems ........................................ 36

3.1.2 Originality of poems .............................................................................. 40

3.2 Multiple interpretations in history .................................................................... 43

3.2.1 Multiple interpretations due to metaphors of events ..............................44

3.2.2 Multiple interpretations due to metaphors of scenes ............................. 47

3.2.3 Multiple interpretations due to disagreements of certain interpretations

.........................................................................................................................47

3.2.4 Multiple interpretations due to traditional misinterpretation ................. 50

3.2.5 Multiple interpretations due to purposeful puns. ................................... 52

Chapter 4 Reconstruction of Metaphors in Translation ........................................... 54

4.1 Reserving the original features ......................................................................... 54

4.2 Transforming metaphors ................................................................................... 58

4.3 Conceptual blending ......................................................................................... 61

Chapter 5 Metaphors and Stylistics in Traditional Chinese Poems ......................... 66

5.1 Lexical foregrounding .......................................................................................66

5.2 Metaphors and style as choices .........................................................................67

5.3 Configurational foregrounding ......................................................................... 69

Chapter 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 72

References ...................................................................................................................... 73

Chapter 1 Introduction

Metaphors exist in every culture, every language and everyone’s conceptual system,

and it is a common way of our writing, reading and thinking. As a high level form of

arts and human thoughts, literature incorporates metaphors consciously and

unconsciously.

Extreme briefness in form and tremendous richness in meanings and associational

ideas of Chinese traditional poems are attributed to the use of metaphors to a large

extent. A specific study on metaphors in Chinese traditional poems will help understand

these poems more specifically, surmise the thought and feelings of the authors and learn

about the cultural and historical information of the times when the poems were written.

Studying metaphors in Chinese traditional poems also help us learn about the thinking

modes of we Chinese people in the then times.

For translators of Chinese traditional poems, the premise to translate the poems

rather than revise or recreate or mistranslate poems is to learn about the poem, the poet,

the historical information, the cultural background and all other information available as

much as possible.

A translator is first a reader, and then a transmitter of information. For translators

of literary works, especially poems, it is also their duty to transmit culture to promote

cultural communication. People still get known of another nation by the way of literary

even in the much more developed modern times with advanced communication means

of all form; and people still get known of another culture and another people by literary.

Faithful translation of Chinese traditional poems makes a true presentation and

introduction of our culture, which requires full and loyal decoding and reconstruction of

metaphors in the poems.

1.1 Traditional views and cognitive views on metaphors

1.1.1 Traditional views on metaphors

To study metaphors in Chinese traditional poems, we should firstly get enough

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iiABSTRACTMetaphorswidelyexistintraditionalChinesepoemsandareoneofthecorefactorsattributingtotheconciseness,culturalvalueandhistoricalvalueoftraditionalChinesepoems.Distinguishedfromscienceandtechnologytranslation,theaimsofpoetrytranslationarenotrestrictedtotransferringinformation;instead,poetrytran...

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