从跨文化的角度对得体原则不同表现的研究

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Contents

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... i

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii

摘要 ...........................................................................................................................iii

Chapter One Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Significance of This Study .................................................................................. 1

1.2 Originality of This Study .................................................................................... 2

1.3 Structure of This Paper ....................................................................................... 2

1.4 Brief Introduction of the Two Series ...................................................................3

Chapter Two Literature Review ................................................................................5

2.1 Defining Tact ........................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Pragmatic Review ....................................................................................................6

2.2.1 Grice’s CP and Its Four Maxims .......................................................................6

2.2.2 The Face Theory ............................................................................................... 7

2.2.3 Leech’s Tact Maxim ..........................................................................................7

2.3 Intercultural Review ................................................................................................ 8

2.3.1 Family Structure ................................................................................................9

2.3.2 Cultural Dimensions ......................................................................................... 9

2.3.3 High-Context and Low-Context ..................................................................... 12

2.3.4 The Impact of Confucianism on Communication ...........................................14

2.3.4.1 Definition of Confucianism ......................................................................14

2.3.4.2 Four Communication Patterns ..................................................................15

Chapter Three Understanding the Tact Maxim in Light of Theories of

Intercultural Communication ...................................................................................17

3.1 The Different Representations of the Tact Maxim ................................................ 17

3.1.1 Due to Family Structure ..................................................................................17

3.1.2 Due to Cultural Dimensions ............................................................................20

3.1.2.1 Large Power Distance Versus Small Power Distance .............................. 24

3.1.2.2 Long-term Orientation Versus Short-term Orientation .............................25

3.1.2.3 Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Versus Weak Uncertainty Avoidance .......26

3.1.2.4 Collectivism Versus Individualism ...........................................................27

3.1.2.5 Masculinity Versus Femininity .................................................................27

3.1.2.6 Due to Individual’s Different Background ............................................... 28

3.1.2.6.1 Due to Living Environment ............................................................... 29

3.1.2.6.2 Due to Age, Gender and Education ....................................................30

3.1.3 Due to High-Context and Low-Context ..........................................................31

3.2 Different Communication Patterns between China and America ..........................34

3.2.1 Influence of Confucianism ..............................................................................35

3.2.2 Process Versus Outcome Oriented Communication ....................................... 35

3.2.3 Differentiated Versus Less Differentiated Linguistic Codes ...........................39

3.2.4 Indirect Versus Direct Communication ...........................................................40

3.2.5 Receiver Versus Sender Centeredness ............................................................ 44

Chapter Four Significance ........................................................................................ 49

4.1 Significance for Foreign Language Teaching ........................................................49

4.2 Significance for Real Life Communication ...........................................................52

Chapter Five Conclusion ..........................................................................................53

Bibliography ...............................................................................................................55

在读期间公开发表的论文 ......................................................................................... 58

Acknowledgements

I have benefited a lot from the help of many people in writing this paper. I would

like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who have helped me through this

process.

My thanks are particularly extended to Prof. Lv Le - my supervisor, who has

guided me into the field of cross-cultural communication of linguistics and struck me

with her expertise on which my thesis is based and constructed. I am really grateful for

her guidance, encouragement, care, kind ideas, patience, invaluable suggestions and

inspiring comments, without which, the completion of the paper would have been

impossible.

Likewise, my sincere gratitude goes to these respectable professors for their

profound lectures and constant enlightenment during my study for the degree of MA at

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology: Prof. Dai Weihua, Prof. Deng

Zhiyong, Prof. Wang Bin, Prof. Han Gelin, Prof. Cai Jianping, Prof. Gao Jun and Prof.

Jiang Cheng.

My thanks are also extended to the faculty of the School of Foreign Studies,

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology as well as to my roommates,

classmates and all my friends for their encouragement, help and the cherished friendship,

which have been supporting me all the time. Last but not least, I also want to express

my sincere and profound gratitude to my parents, who have borne me, nurtured me,

educated me and have always supported me heart and soul, although I know what they

have done for me is beyond words.

ABSTRACT

Politeness is a universal phenomenon. However, due to cultural differences,

languages differ greatly from one another in expressing and understanding politeness.

As far as Chinese and American cultures are concerned, different connotations and

representations are found in tactful politeness.

The paper begins with a brief review of some theories in the field of pragmatics,

including the American philosopher H. P. Grice’s world-famous principle-Cooperative

Principle (CP), Brown and Levinson’s face theory, and Geoffrey Leech’s Politeness

Principle (PP) with six maxims, one of which, the Tact Maxim, is the most fundamental

and used as the most important theoretical framework in this thesis.

The paper also introduces some relevant theories of intercultural communication,

including family structure, Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, Edward Hall’s high-

context and low-context theory and some other theories concerning the impact of

Confucianism on Communication.

The aim of this paper is to study different representations of the Tact Maxim

between Chinese culture and American culture by means of analyzing the dialogues in

two TV series (a Chinese TV series named Double Sided Adhesive Tape (

双面胶

)and

an American TV series named Everybody Loves Raymond). The proposition of this

paper is that the Tact Maxim is represented differently by people from different cultures,

due to their different understandings of tact, apart from ages, education backgrounds,

genders, and regions of residence.

The case analysis based on the theories reviewed previously is supposed to provide

further illustration of the theories. The discussion is also believed to be significant

regarding foreign language teaching and our real life communication.

Key Words: Politeness, Tact Maxim, Communication, Cultural

Difference

iii

摘要

礼貌是一种普遍的现象。然而，由于文化的差异，不同的语言对礼貌的表达

和理解大不相同。就中美文化而言，它们对得体的礼貌有着不同的内涵和不同表

现方式。

本文首先简要回顾了语用学领域的一些理论。其中包括世界著名的美国语言

哲学家格莱斯 (H. P. Grice) 的合作原则，布朗和莱文森提出的面子理论（The Face

Theory）和利奇的礼貌原则及其六个准则。其中，礼貌原则的得体准则是其最基

础的准则，也是在这篇论文中最重要的理论框架。

接着又介绍了一些与本文密切相关的跨文化交际理论。其中包括家庭结构和

文化纬度理论，爱德沃德·豪尔的高文化语境和低文化语境理论以及一些儒家文

化对交际影响的理论。

本文主旨是通过对中西两部电视剧（

双面胶

和

人人都爱雷蒙德

）中台词的分

析来研究中美文化对得体准则的不同表现。本文的论题是由于对得体的不同理

解，人们对得体准则有着大不相同的表现方式，即使在同一个国家，人们也会因

其年龄、教育背景、性别和所在地域等因素对得体准则的表现大相径庭。

基于前面回顾了的理论，本文的案例分析旨在为这些理论提供进一步的例

证。同时，本文对外语教学和我们现实生活中的交际也有着重要的意义。

关键词：礼貌得体准则交际文化差异

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Significance of This Study

With the development of the global economy, people from different countries need

to communicate frequently and effectively in order to fulfill each issue. Particularly in a

metropolis, people are required to communicate successfully in a more efficient way

because citizens are more heterogeneous. Conflicts often occur between them when they

communicate with each other. That is to say, how to communicate with others, skillfully

and tactfully, is of paramount importance. Take Shanghai for instance. People from

different parts of China or even the world live and work there. They often communicate

with each other, but often misunderstand each other unconsciously. No matter what

culture and society it is, interpersonal relations are always crucial. Politeness plays an

important role in human communication. It is a universal phenomenon and the symbol

of human civilization. It also concerns a person’s moral cultivation. Politeness can be

observed in all languages and cultures. However, people’s language expressions differ

greatly in expressing and understanding politeness. There are different connotations and

representations of tactful politeness between Chinese people and American people, even

between two individuals from different regions of one country.

For a long time, researchers studying tactful politeness have advanced many

theories, such as American philosopher H. P. Grice’s CP, Brown and Levinson’s Face

Theory and Leech’s PP. However, all of them studied politeness from the pragmatic

perspective. This paper aims to study the Tact Maxim, one of the maxims of PP from the

intercultural perspective. Tact is the core of expressing politeness. If one does not

express politeness tactfully, he will be misunderstood as impolite. That’s probably

because he is from a different cultural background. If he is aware of the difference

between his own and the target, he might avoid this kind of misunderstanding. The

paper studies the Tact Maxim in light of different representations of tact between

Chinese people and American people from the intercultural perspective by analyzing the

dialogues of the two TV series (a Chinese TV series named Double Sided Adhesive Tape

and an American TV series named Everybody Loves Raymond). From this the paper

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ContentsAcknowledgements.......................................................................................................iAbstract........................................................................................................................ii摘要...........................................

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