从合作礼貌原则分析网络交际语的补充性语用策

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摘要

在这个信息时代，网络为人们构建了一个虚拟的社会，它不同于现实社会，具

有自由性、开放性、虚拟化等特点，因此也导致在现实生活中普遍适用的合作、礼

貌原则在网络语言交际中发生了变化。

网络交际语是一种语言现象，它不仅体现了语言发展的变化，而且体现了人们的

生活，文化和价值观的差异，具有重要的研究价值。

网络交际语境在某些方面跟日常交际语境很不相同。本文通过对合作原则和礼貌

原则理论的应用，对网络交际语进行研究。然而文章将从不同的视角来分析在线交际

的原则，它将区别于我们日常使用的日常交际。本文以 BBS、网上论坛、聊天室、OICQ,

YAHOO, MSN, EBABY 和BI LIAO 为主要载体。研究目的是为了发现除了我们日常使用

的合作原则和礼貌原则，还有哪些其他语用策略应用于网络交际中。

论文将从以下几方面问题作为着眼点：作为语用学和言语会话分析中极其重要的

合作原则和礼貌原则，在网络交际中是否仍发挥着作用；网络交际者是否在不自觉中

违反了合作礼貌原则；还有哪些其他语用策略应用于成功的网络交际。

研究表明，当我们日常使用的语用策略被违背的时候，为了保证更理想的网络交

际，我们会使用一些补充性语用策略来达到成功交际的目的。

1）在合作原则中，我们找到了对合作原则的不完整性起到补充作用的交际原则，例

如：幽默原则；经济原则；话语轮换原则；娱乐原则。

2）在礼貌原则中，论文中也探索发现了一些对礼貌原则进行补充的语用策略，例如：

优雅原则；容忍原则；平等原则；逗乐原则。

本论文只是对网络交际的语用策略进行初步探讨，希望能引起研究学者的兴趣，

并促进和完善网络交际。

关键词:网络交际语，合作原则，礼貌原则，补充性语用原则

vii

Contents

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................i

List of Tables .........................................................................................................................ii

List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................. iii

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ iv

摘要 .....................................................................................................................................vi

Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Network Communication ..............................................................................................1

1.1.1 Development of Network Communication ............................................................ 1

1.1.2 CMC System .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 Network Communication Language .......................................................................3

1.2 Research on CMC and Chat Room Conversations ....................................................... 5

1.3 Objective of the Research ............................................................................................. 7

1.4 Methodology of the Research ....................................................................................... 8

1.4.1 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 8

1.4.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 10

1.4.4 Procedure ..............................................................................................................10

1.5 Structure of the Research ............................................................................................ 12

Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis ....................................................... 14

2.1 Pragmatics ...................................................................................................................14

2.1.1 Definition of Pragmatics .......................................................................................14

2.1.2 Pragmatic Strategies and Principles ..................................................................... 15

2.2 Cooperative Principle ..................................................................................................15

2.2.1 Conversational Maxims ........................................................................................16

2.2.2 Conversational Implicature .................................................................................. 16

2.3 Politeness Principle ..................................................................................................... 17

2.3.1 Politeness Strategies ............................................................................................. 18

2.3.2 Face Theory .......................................................................................................... 19

2.4 The Relationship between CP and PP ......................................................................... 19

Chapter 3 Complementary Devices to CP in Chat Room Conversation .......................21

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................21

3.2 Humor Device .............................................................................................................22

viii

3.2.1 On-line and Off-line Humor Device .....................................................................22

3.2.2 Violation of Maxim of Quality ............................................................................. 23

3.2.3 Successful Case study for On-line Humor Device ............................................... 26

3.3 Economy Device .........................................................................................................29

3.3.1 On-line and Off-line Economy Device .................................................................29

3.3.2 Violation of Maxim of Quantity ........................................................................... 30

3.3.3 Successful Case Study for On-line Economy Device .......................................... 33

3.4 Turn-taking Device ..................................................................................................... 36

3.4.1 On-line and Off-line Turn-taking Device ............................................................. 36

3.4.2 Violation of Maxim of Relation ........................................................................... 38

3.4.3 Successful Case Study for On-line Turn-taking Device .......................................41

3.5 Recreation Device .......................................................................................................42

3.5.1 On-line and Off-line Recreation Device ...............................................................42

3.5.2 Violation of Maxim of Manner .............................................................................43

3.5.3 Successful Case Study for On-line Recreation Device ........................................ 44

3.6 Quantitive Analysis of Complementary Devices for the Violation of CP Maxims .... 45

3.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 47

Chapter 4 Complementary Devices to PP in Chat Room Conversation ....................... 48

4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................48

4.2 Grace Device ...............................................................................................................49

4.3 Tolerence Device .........................................................................................................50

4.4 Equality Device ...........................................................................................................51

4.5 Banter Device ..............................................................................................................51

4.6 Quantitive Analysis of Complementary Devices for the Violation of PP Maxims .....52

4.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 53

Chapter 5 Conclusion .........................................................................................................55

5.1 Findings and Significance ...........................................................................................55

5.2 Limitations and Suggestions of Further Research ...................................................... 56

References ........................................................................................................................... 57

Appendixes .......................................................................................................................... 60

在读期间公开发表的论文 ..................................................................................................63

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Network Communication

1.1.1 Development of Network Communication

With the rapid development of network, social network communication has

become more and more diversified and in the meanwhile its scope and significance have

also exerted profound influences on our lifestyles and values. Network not only brings

people an unprecedented technological revolution, but also immeasurable cultural and

linguistic revolution.

Network communication refers to the special interaction mode applied to the field

of internet. And network communication is the information exchange and flow from one

person to another; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feedback to

a receiver.

The development and popularization of network has provided people with a new

method of network communication, and it is largely deviated from our everyday

communication mode. We begin to analyze this communication mode because we wish

to understand network communication interaction. So we must first recognize the role

of communication in the process.

Thus, the application of the pragmatic devices to network communication is of

necessity and vitality since the combination of these language devices can provide us

with a new research perspective. Owing to this, the special virtual context of network

communication has challenged our traditional cooperative and politeness principles in

our traditional communication.

So in the dissertation, by analyzing the close ties between cooperative principle

(CP) and politeness principle (PP) in the network communication, I put forward some

new complementary pragmatic devices, hoping to help people communicate better in

the network.

1.1.2 CMC System

1.1.2.1 Definition

Pragmatic Devices of Network Communication Language Complementary to CP and PP

CMC is short for Computer-mediated communication. CMC system was first

defined by Herring (1996a:1), which means “communication that takes place between

human beings via the instrumentality of computers”. The Computer-Mediated

Communication refers to both task-related and interpersonal communication performed

through computer.

CMC is a form of network communication interaction that has become prevalent in

many people’s lives. In this global information age, on-line network communication in

chat rooms has become the mainstream and it will set off a new mass interest of

linguistic researches.

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) differs from our traditional CMC, it is

a medium that provide new opportunities for people to communicate individually with

each other and make people from different countries closer. To study network

communication language in CMC could shed light upon the understanding of dynamic

state of network in the world, and know the relationship between network and its use in

society.

Computer-mediated communication is a term used to describe the use of computer

networks, computer conferencing or carry out tasks. Nowadays, the CMC study is

mainly concerned about various interdisciplinary theoretical database including

linguistics, cultural, technical and various fields. It has become a vital way for people to

communicate with each other.

1.1.2.2 Categorization of CMC

CMC is usually divided into two categories: Synchronous Computer-Mediated

Communication and Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Communication. Synchronous

CMC is the communication that the two parties should be in front of the computer and

talk with each other at the same time. In terms of the characteristics of synchronous

CMC, the two parties will send their information immediately.

In contrast to the synchronous CMC, asynchronous CMC messages can be

organized by “threading” and “branching” them around themes. The parties could just

communicate with each other later. It covers a lot of fields such as Email, Bulletin

Board Systems (BBS), Blog or Microblog etc.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1.2.3 Forms of CMC

There are many forms of computer-mediated communication, including text form,

radio form, and video form. This thesis is mainly devoted to discussing the application

and deviation of network pragmatic communicative devices in text-based

computer-mediated communication.

1.1.3 Network Communication Language

It is said that conventional language is the “mother” of network communication

language. (Chu, 2003) Network communication language is a new variety of language,

and it has gradually taken its shape in the internet space, and become more and more

popular.

The concept of network communication language is the language used by the

speech community, more specifically, common language that users use in chat rooms,

forums, BBS etc.

As is defined by David: “It is a type of language displaying features which are

unique to the network, and encountered in e-mail, chat group, virtual world and World

Wide Web, arising out of its character as a medium which is electronic, global and

interactive”. (David crystal, 2001: 67)

“People are likely to do what people always do with new communication

technology: use it in ways never intended or foreseen by its inventors, to turn old social

code inside out and make new kinds of communities possible”. (Rheingold, 1995:89)

The current network system continues to improve as the network communication

language is evolving greatly. In the computer-mediated communication (CMC) system,

network communication language has its own style in the application of language use,

developing a unique language variation.

“If the network is a revolution, therefore, it is likely to be a new linguistic

revolution”. (Crystal, 2001:5).

So CMC (Computer-mediated communication) will bring in a new era of linguistic

and pragmatic studies.

1.1.3.1 Chat Room Conversations

Pragmatic Devices of Network Communication Language Complementary to CP and PP

Nowadays, network is considered as one of the most popular communication mode

via the computers in the world. We enter into the network chat rooms to communicate

with each other. In this dissertation, we apply many popular software programs like:

AOL Instant Messager (AIM), ICQ (OSCAR), MSN (Windows Live Messager), QQ,

Skype and Yahoo Messager.

“The Internet is not about technology, it is not about information, it is about

communication-people talk with each other, people exchange e-mail, people doing the

low ASCII dance. The internet is mass participation in full bi-directional uncensored

mass communication”.

(Strangelove, 1994)

People could firstly sign with user name and password and then enter into their

favourite chat rooms sharing all the information at free. In fact, chat room could form a

“virtual community”, and people may show their mood and personality freely in it.

E-chat, one of the synchronous communications, refers to the coomunication

among users who are online at the same time. That is communication is immediate and

temporal, as is spoken conversation. (Bikowski & Kessler, 2003) Nowadays, e-chat is

rather popular throughout the whole world. Take the famous instant messager-ICQ-for

example, the number of synchronous on-line users reached 6 million on March 13th,

2004 (http://www.tencent.com)

The internet acts as a natural link to anyone who is online, allowing peers to

exchange e-mail messages or to carry on live (synchronous) conversation through

text-similar to normal conversation. The network may be better at fostering interaction

than on-line discussion in a time delayed (asynchronous) mode.

In chat room conversations, people communicate and collaborate across great

distances whenever they desire, and chat rooms offer the space for them to

communicate with each other.

It is universally acknowledged that chat room conversations are becoming more

and more popular, and many linguists have become interested in this topic. So, it is of

great significance of studying the pragmatic devices for network communication

language, including pragmatic devices in chat room conversations.

1.1.3.2 Characteristics of Chat Room Conversations

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摘要：

vi摘要在这个信息时代，网络为人们构建了一个虚拟的社会，它不同于现实社会，具有自由性、开放性、虚拟化等特点，因此也导致在现实生活中普遍适用的合作、礼貌原则在网络语言交际中发生了变化。网络交际语是一种语言现象，它不仅体现了语言发展的变化，而且体现了人们的生活，文化和价值观的差异，具有重要的研究价值。网络交际语境在某些方面跟日常交际语境很不相同。本文通过对合作原则和礼貌原则理论的应用，对网络交际语进行研究。然而文章将从不同的视角来分析在线交际的原则，它将区别于我们日常使用的日常交际。本文以BBS、网上论坛、聊天室、OICQ,YAHOO,MSN,EBABY和BILIAO为主要载体。研究目的是为了发现...

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