沉默的女诗人 - 艾米丽迪金森的独特女性观

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摘要

迪金森，作为一个风格独特的女诗人，拥有着与众不同的女性主义态度。她

既不是一个激进的女权主义者，也不是一个顺从的传统女性。她以自己独特的方

式在男权社会中平衡自己的角色，应对来自男权社会的种种压迫和禁锢。在男权

社会中她没有迷失自己的个性，始终保持着灵魂的独立性。作为一个诗人，她始

终坚持文学创作，并没有因为自己受歧视的女性身份而放弃诗人的职责。她表面

保持沉默，却从不曾放弃抗争，也从未被征服。她没有逆来顺受，毫无怨言的接

受来自男权社会的不公正待遇。迪金森用自己独特的方式和策略应对来自男权社

会的种种压力，宣泄自己的情感，这体现了迪金森独特的女性主义态度。

本文通过生平分析的方式，探讨了迪金森的独特女性主义态度是如何形成的。

促使诗人独特观点形成的原因主要来源于她成长的环境，她的家人，朋友以及宗

教文化的影响都是形成这种观点的重要因素。作为最亲密的家庭成员，父亲，母

亲和哥哥对迪金森有着巨大的影响。对待父亲，迪金森既崇敬又有所不满。她爱

父亲的同时，对父亲对待自己过分严厉的管教十分不满，同时对于父亲对自己才

华的漠视和对哥哥的偏爱又倍加怨恨。狄金森的母亲则是传统的贤妻良母，完全

屈服于丈夫的意志。迪金森以母亲为反面例子，对母亲采取了完全否定的态度。

这种否定并不是针对母亲个人，而是对男权社会为女性所设定角色的否定。在男

权社会中，女人只被当作是男人的附属品。她们是女儿，姊妹，母亲，却没有自

己独立的地位。所以狄金森对男权采取了默默抗争的策略。迪金森的独特女性主

义观点的形成还源于与朋友的关系上。她的对女性朋友值得她信赖甚至崇，这增

强了迪金森对女性能力的肯定和对女性地位的尊崇。同时她依照自己的需求来选

择男性朋友，控制与男性朋友的交往程度，掌握与男性社会沟通中的主动性。在

宗教方面，迪金森是当时为数不多的反叛者，她对宗教的怀疑态度使她对男权社

会的公平性和合理性提出质疑。在思想方面她的很多想法与超验主义不谋而合，

比如对自然的崇拜，对人自身能力的肯定和对平等的追求等等。这些都促使迪金

森作为一个 19 世纪的女性，远在女权运动兴起之前就已经形成的独特的女性主义

观点。

关键词：女诗人女性观男权社会

ABSTRACT

Emily Dickinson, as a great poetess, had her own special styles in literature creating.

At the same time, she also had her own special feminist attitude. Living in the

patriarchal society, Emily Dickinson remained unmarried all her life in order to keep her

soul independence. She observed the world, recorded life and expressed feelings in her

own methods. Although her poems had not been recognized before her death, she

believed that she would be understood by the world finally. Just like she wrote in her

poem “The Martyr Poets—did not tell” and “Their mortal fate—encourage Some”. The

confidence in her also expressed her special feminist attitude. As a woman lived in the

patriarchal society, she was required to comply with the law of the society; she was

required to be silent. However, no one could stop her carrying out her duty as a poet.

She knew how to deal with the oppressions and restrictions of the male’s society. She

kept silent but she never gave up and never had been conquered. Emily Dickinson was

not a radical feminist who fought against the male’s oppression directly and fiercely.

She was also not an obedient traditional woman who took all the unfair rules. That

expressed her unique feminist attitude which expressed in almost every respects of her

life. This paper, focusing on 3 aspects of Emily Dickinson, which almost covered all the

activities of her life, presented and analyzed Emily Dickinson’s unique feminist attitude.

The first aspect is her family members. Her father, mother and brother were the

most influential persons in her life. For her, father was the most beloved person who

supported her entire spirit world. But at the same time father represented the patriarchal

society. As for her denying of her mother, she showed her denying to the role of women

in the society. Women had been taken as the additional property of men in the

patriarchal society. They were daughters, sisters and mothers but they did not get the

identity of themselves. As far as her brother, the boy of the family, Emily Dickinson

took him as her competitor. She was jealous because she knew that brother was the one

who covered all her brilliants. In her relationship with her friends, we also could see her

unique feminist attitude. Her trust and worship for her female friends expressed her

confidence in women. She showed her doubt in religions and shared ideas of

transcendentalism, which again proved that she was not an obedient woman who trusted

all things that were told by the male’s world.

Key words: poetess, patriarchal society, feminist attitude

CONTENTS

中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………...i

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………i

Chapter One Introduction……………………………………………………………….1

Chapter Two Influence Of Family Members……………………………………………4

§2.1Influence of her Father………………………………………………………….4

§2.2 Influence of her Mother………………………………………………………..9

§2.3Influence of her Brother……………………………………………………….12

Chapter Three Emily Dickinson’s Friends……………………………………………..17

§3.1Male friends……………………………………………………………………18

§3.11 Benjamin Franklin Newton………………………………………………..18

§3.12 Charles Wadsworth………………………………………………………..19

§3.13 Thomas Wentworth Higginson……………………………………………22

§3.2 Female friends………………………………………………………………...25

§3.21 Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson……………………………………...26

§3.22 Elizabeth Holland…………………………………………………………28

Chapter Four Puritanism and Transcendentalism………………………………………30

§4.1 Influence of Puritanism……………………………………………………….30

§4.2Influence of Transcendentalism………………………………………………..37

Chapter Five Conclusion……………………………………………………………….40

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………43

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果…………………………….46

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..47

Chapter One Introduction

Emily Dickinson was one of the greatest and most influential poets of the world.

She was born in an upper-middle class family and she had special abilities in literature.

She lived an unknown life though she created lots of great poems. At first, her special

style could not be recognized because they were not conformed to the traditional

standards. But as she wrote in one of her poems - The Martyr Poets—did not tell, she

had the confidence that she would be accepted and understood by the world finally.

She was very confident with her ability as a poet, though she was a woman and

women were supposed to be silent in the patriarchal society. She knew how to deal

with the oppressions and restrictions of the male’s society. She kept silent but she

never gave up and never had been conquered. Just like the title A Silent Poetess

showed, silence was the requirement of the patriarchal society for women. But the

duty of a poet was to say, to express, and to enlighten the mind of human beings. The

only difference was that she had to put the suffix - “ess” to her title. Her works and

her life had been considered as legends because they were full of enchantment and

mysteries. As a deceptively quiet nineteenth-century American woman, she wrote

with the fire, innovation and skill of a twentieth-century master. Her life and her

works had attracted the interests of critics since the first publication of her book.

Emily Dickinson’s poems were first published in the 19th century. But it was in

1914, the book Single Hound re-evoked the interests on Emily Dickinson. Then after

the following the decades, a lots of books on Emily Dickinson had been published one

after another, such as The Life and Letters of Emily Dickinson, Complete poems of

Emily Dickinson, Emily Dickinson, Friends and Neighbor Emily Dickinson, and Emily

Dickinson’s Life and Thought. The study on Emily Dickinson became comprehensive.

Interests had been paid not only in her poems but also in her private life. Then, in 60s

and 70s of 20th century, feminism had been applied in Emily Dickinson’s study.

Apparently, the poet’s seclusion life became the focus of dispute. Some critics

supposed that Emily Dickinson lived in seclusion because of the great pressure from

the male’s world. Just like Gilbert and Susan Gubar who presented their ideas in The

Madwoman in the Attic. They exclaimed the pressure of the male’s world made her

uncomfortable and anxious and drove her crazy at last. Because, they supposed, in the

patriarchal society, literary creation was the right of men but not women. Emily

Dickinson’s literary talent made her become a “helpless agoraphobic” and played the

madwoman role in the tradition. (Gilbert, 87-88)

A Silent Poetess –Emily Dickinson’s Unique Feminist Attitude

Actually, by analyzing the life of Emily Dickinson, we do see, as mentioned by

Gilbert, she stood and suffered a lot from the contemporary patriarchal society. But it

doesn’t mean that Emily Dickinson became a madwoman because of the pressure.

Emily Dickinson had her own choice. Her thoughts were full of conflicts because of

the outside influence and her inner cognition. But she got her own way to deal with

the problems and she got her own method to express her sentiments without causing

the blame of others.

In her private life, in order to keep a space for herself and keep on her spiritual

independence, she remained unmarried all her life. The patriarchal society and the

Victorian Culture constrained her strictly, but she had her own way to break the

boundaries of the cultural constraints. She often applied an ironic and playful stance

in order to show her indifference to the conventional values. Patriarchal society

neglected the personalities of people, especially the personalities of women. Emily

valued individualism, self and women’s rights and intelligence which embodied

principles of fragmentation, isolation, independence, and self-reliance even though

her time was long before the Modernist and feminist movement. Like other women,

she was influenced and limited by the patriarchal society because of her gender.

Unlike other women, she chose her own way to cope with the gender discrimination

and refused to surrender her personality. In the long process of conflicts and struggle,

she formed her special method to deal with the world and shaped her own worldview

and values, which made her life and her literate works both unique and impressive.

This paper is devoted to explore how such unique feminist attitude was shaped up.

Her special feminist attitude can be explained by her relations with her family

members, the influence by her confidants and confidantes as well as the influence of

religion and philosophy.

Her father, mother and brother were the most influential persons in her life. For

her, father was the most beloved person who supported her entire spiritual world. But

at the same time father represented the patriarchal society that oppressed her deeply.

In sharp contrast, her mother was a conventional obedient woman who triggered

Dickinson’s rebellions spirit. Women had been taken as the additional property of men

in the patriarchal society. They were daughters, sisters and mothers but they did not

get the identity of themselves. Emily Dickinson was out raged by her mother’s weak

will and as a result she took her brother as her competitor. She was jealous because

she knew that brother was the one who covered all her brilliance. Also the loyalty and

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摘要：

i摘要迪金森，作为一个风格独特的女诗人，拥有着与众不同的女性主义态度。她既不是一个激进的女权主义者，也不是一个顺从的传统女性。她以自己独特的方式在男权社会中平衡自己的角色，应对来自男权社会的种种压迫和禁锢。在男权社会中她没有迷失自己的个性，始终保持着灵魂的独立性。作为一个诗人，她始终坚持文学创作，并没有因为自己受歧视的女性身份而放弃诗人的职责。她表面保持沉默，却从不曾放弃抗争，也从未被征服。她没有逆来顺受，毫无怨言的接受来自男权社会的不公正待遇。迪金森用自己独特的方式和策略应对来自男权社会的种种压力，宣泄自己的情感，这体现了迪金森独特的女性主义态度。本文通过生平分析的方式，探讨了迪金森的独特女...

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