“龙”和“Dragon”在对方语言中的译名研究

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On the Translation of “Dragon”and “龙”

摘要

随着中西方交流的日益增多，由于中西方文化差异产生的冲突也是无法避免的。

而“龙”和“dragon”在英文和中文中的翻译所产生的问题无疑是这些冲突中最显著

也是最具代表性的之一。

虽然都同属于传说中强大的爬行动物，龙和 dragon 在外观上存在比较显著的差

异，而在内涵意义上的更是天差地别。在中国，龙通常都是作为吉祥，祥和以及

威严的形象存在的，而在西方 dragon 的形象却是敌人，威胁，贪婪甚至是魔鬼。

因为这样的文化冲突的存在，国内甚至有人认为“龙”作为一种“侵略性的动物”，

使得国家形象遭到了贬损，于是关于“龙”以及“dragon”的译名问题便浮现出来了。

本文的研究目的便在于找出“龙”和“dragon”更适合的译名，一来是为适应日益增

多的文化交流，二是为能让中西方文化背景下的人更好地了解对方和自己的文化，

使文化交流更完善，更积极。

为解决这一矛盾从而使中西方能更好地理解对方文化，文章旨在通过对“龙”和

“dragon”这组词汇从概念和原型到形象和内涵意义进行透彻分析，而后再从分析

结果得出原先译名错误的原因，再依靠翻译理论选择合适的翻译策略对两者进行

重新翻译。

全文以指称理论、对等理论以及奈达的对等理论和归化/异化理论为依托，对中西

方年轻人关于“龙”和“dragon”的认知进行问卷调查，并利用归化法和异化法，

引入不同的汉语拼音系统给出了“龙”和“dragon”的译名，并讨论了其各自的

优势和局限性，并在其后给出了解决局限性的对策，从而给出了较为合理的译名：

保留“龙” 作为“dragon”在中文中的翻译，提出“loong”，“lóng”和“lúng”

作为“龙”在英文中的翻译的选项。

关键词：翻译归化法异化法词汇空缺

ABSTRACT

III

ABSTRACT

With more and more inter-cultural communications between China, the encounters

caused by the differences between Chinese and Western cultures are inevitable, a

remarkable example of which is the problems concerning the translation of “龙” and

“dragon”. Although both being powerful legendary reptilian animals, “ 龙” and

“dragon” are different from each other not only viewed from their appearances, but

also respective distinct connotations. In China, “ 龙” is the symbol of goodness and

prestige while “dragon” is regarded as enemy, threat or even the devil. Then it comes

up with the translation of “龙” and “dragon”. The purpose of the thesis is to find proper

translations for “ 龙” and “dragon” to adapt to more and more inter-cultural

communication today and to help both Chinese people and Western people understand

the cultures of themselves as well as of the others for the purpose of inter-cultural

communication.

To solve the translation problem of “ 龙” and “dragon” for better understandings of

Chinese and Western cultures, intensive analysis is performed on “龙” and “dragon” in

terms of their concepts, prototypes, images and connotations, based on which the

causes of the mis-translation become known. Then new and proper translations are

discussed and selected through proper translation strategies.

The whole thesis is based on the theory of linguistic sign by de Saussure, equivalence

theory by Nida and domestication / foreignization theory. A survey is performed on the

concepts of young Chinese and Western people on “龙” and “dragon”, with the results

being analyzed and compared; with the regard to the translations of “凤凰” and “麒麟”

and the translation of “ 龙” and “dragon” in Japanese, the methods of domestication

and foreignization are applied with the introduction of different pinyin systems to find

translations of “ 龙” and “dragon”, with the advantages and disadvantages of the

translations discussed. Solutions to the problems brought by the disadvantages are put

forward to find proper translations: keeping “ 龙” as the translation of “dragon” in

Chinese and putting forward “loong”, “lóng” and “lúng” as the possible options as the

translation of “龙” in English.

On the Translation of “Dragon”and “龙”

Key Words: translation, domestication, foreignization, vocabulary

vacancy

Content

Chapter One Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Significance ..........................................................................................................1

1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 2

1.4 General Organization ........................................................................................... 2

Chapter Two Literature Review ........................................................................................ 3

2.1 Linguistic Sign and the Triangle of Reference .................................................... 3

2.1.1 Linguistic Sign ........................................................................................... 3

2.1.2 The Triangle of Reference ..........................................................................3

2.2 Core meanings and prototype theory ................................................................... 4

2.2.1 Core meanings ........................................................................................... 4

2.2.2 Prototype theory .........................................................................................5

2.3 Vocabulary Vacancy ............................................................................................. 5

2.4 Domestication and Foreignization ....................................................................... 6

2.4.1 Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence ........................................ 6

2.4.2 Domestication and Foreignization ............................................................. 7

2.5 Application of Domestication and Foreignization ............................................... 8

2.5.1 Application of Domestication .................................................................... 8

2.5.2 Application of Foreignization .................................................................. 10

2.6 Translations of “龙” and “dragon” that have been provided ............................. 12

2.6.1 The translation of “龙” .............................................................................12

2.6.2 The translation of “dragon” ..................................................................... 13

Chapter Three The Prototypes of “龙” and “Dragon” .................................................... 14

3.1 The Prototype of “龙” ........................................................................................ 14

3.1.1 “龙” in Historical Records ....................................................................... 14

3.1.2 “蛟” in Legends ....................................................................................... 14

3.1.3 Crocodile, the prototype ...........................................................................15

3.2 The prototype of “Dragon” ................................................................................ 18

3.2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................18

3.2.2 Prototype .................................................................................................. 19

3.2.3 The Entries of “Dragon” in Dictionaries ................................................. 21

3.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 23

On the Translation of “Dragon”and “龙”

Chapter Four A Survey on the Understanding of “龙” and “Dragon” ............................25

4.1 Research Question ............................................................................................. 25

4.2 Subjects .............................................................................................................. 25

4.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................... 25

4.3.1 Results ......................................................................................................26

4.3.2 Result Description ....................................................................................29

4.3.3 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 30

4.4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 32

Chapter Five Translation of “龙” and “Dragon” .............................................................34

5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................34

5.2 Translations of Other Legendary Animals ......................................................... 34

5.2.1 The translation of “凤凰” and phoenix .................................................... 34

5.2.2 The translation of “麒麟” and Unicorn ....................................................36

5.3 The translation of “龙” and dragon ....................................................................38

5.3.1 The Translation of “龙” and Dragon in Japanese .................................... 38

5.3.2 The Translation of Dragon ....................................................................... 38

5.3.3 The Translation of “龙” ............................................................................40

5.4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 43

Chapter Six Conclusion .................................................................................................. 45

6.1 The conclusion of the thesis ...............................................................................45

6.2 Further consideration ......................................................................................... 46

Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 48

在读期间公开发表的论文 .............................................................................................50

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Background

Misunderstandings emerge with more and more communications between China and

the Western world, a good example of which is the translation of “dragon” and “龙”.

On Nov. 12th 2005, “龙” was ruled out as the mascot of the Olympics 2008, because

traditionally speaking, “dragon” and “ 龙” are the translated terms for each other in

English and Chinese, and ‘dragon’ is not a good mascot for the Western world; in the

November of 2006, Professor Wu Youfu from SISU even suggested that “ 龙” be

abandoned as the symbol of China, because according to him, “龙”, which is “dragon”

in English, is considered fierce, mean and aggressive viewed from the Western world,

which led to the dissatisfaction from the Internet in China. Although Professor Wu

defended himself later that it was not his intention to abandon “龙”, it is still true that

“龙”, which is “dragon” in English, is considered fierce, mean and aggressive in the

Western world. It implies that “dragon” is not a proper translation of “龙”. Thus, the

problem is then the translation between “dragon” and “龙”.

1.2 Significance

The major point concerning the problem seems to be the difference between the

connotations of “dragon” and “龙”, but if the difference does not only come from the

connotations, it is necessary to discuss the denotations or the concepts of them. The

translation of “龙” in English has been “dragon” since very early, because they share

the same meaning that they are both powerful legendary reptilian animals. The

translation of “ 龙” or “dragon” has never been changed despite the fact of their

differences, denotatively or connotatively, which is probably the reason that people

from China and the Western world get confused. Thus, this thesis is to solve the

problem by finding new translations for the two terms.

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摘要：

OntheTranslationof“Dragon”and“龙”II摘要随着中西方交流的日益增多，由于中西方文化差异产生的冲突也是无法避免的。而“龙”和“dragon”在英文和中文中的翻译所产生的问题无疑是这些冲突中最显著也是最具代表性的之一。虽然都同属于传说中强大的爬行动物，龙和dragon在外观上存在比较显著的差异，而在内涵意义上的更是天差地别。在中国，龙通常都是作为吉祥，祥和以及威严的形象存在的，而在西方dragon的形象却是敌人，威胁，贪婪甚至是魔鬼。因为这样的文化冲突的存在，国内甚至有人认为“龙”作为一种“侵略性的动物”，使得国家形象遭到了贬损，于是关于“龙”以及“dragon”的译...

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