顺应理论框架下电视访谈语言语用标记语研究

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A Study of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows from the Perspective of Adaptation

Theory is the preliminary attempt stimulated by Prof. & Dr. Han Geling’s scholastic

wisdom in the interpretation of linguistic theories and approaches to linguistic

phenomena in communication. During the course of my preparing for the thesis toward

general acceptability, a multitude number of people including my fellow students,

friends and cousins who have assisted me with great help and the meticulous notice

should totally be entitled to my sincerest and heartfelt recognitions.

The endless gratitude from the bottom of my heart will go to Prof. & Dr. Han

Geling, my supervisor for two-and-half-year study of postgraduate at the University of

Shanghai for Science and Technology. Just as a navigator, she guides me to voyage in

the ocean of extensive knowledge. She is the erudite scholar who ingeniously ushers me

into the enthralling sphere of pragmatics and more academic domains alike. Her

intellectual inspiration, illuminating instruction, incessant concerning about my program

in the research, and numerously scholastic comments on the drafts of each chapter in

terms of content, structure, layout, and organization have contributed immensely to

grant the current study more correctness. Without her sustainable attention and

never-ending encouragement, the successful completion of the current research will not

be carried out.

My thanks also goes to Prof.& Postdoctoral. Han Shihui who is the doctoral

supervisor and the former dean of Psychology Institution of Beijing University,

selflessly and kindly offers a large amount of research data with the academic value to

me out of his heavy schedule. And he also conducts me to make many analyses and

some tentative interpretations in terms of psychological aspects among numerous

pragmatic motivations. Furthermore, he provides me with some significantly helpful

suggestion about how to write the master thesis. I am not able to extricate my research

enthusiasm of his outstanding knowledge, the scholarly erudition, and the excellent

comprehension in the research of scientific analogy.

In addition, I would express my thanks for my friends who share with me jobs and

offer me academic assistance, my would like express my sincere thanks to those

scholastic professors from College of Foreign Languages of University of Shanghai for

Science and Technology. Among them, Prof. Dai Weihua and Vice Prof. Ni Rong should

be entitled to my sincere appreciation in that they benefit me with their extensively

linguistic knowledge and marvelous lectures.

Least but not last, it is obligatory for me to tender the sincere gratitude to my

fiancé--Mr. Li Yanhua, who is my mentor not only in the academic study but also in the

daily life. Without his unfailing support and encouragement for the two and half years at

the university, I can nether persist in the two and half years of postgraduate study nor

access to the current professional progress.

Finally, the most special devoirs should be contributed to my great parents. Owing

to her tireless pursuit and scientific attainments in the study of English, my mother, my

enlightenment tutor for English, devotes all her efforts and patience to my English

learning. It is no exaggeration says that my achievement in the study of English should

benefit from the endowments inherited from my intelligent mother with her total

English-oriented genes. Besides, the ability of rational thinking and comprehensive and

systematic analysis inherited from my wise father can also help me take every solid step

and progress on the way of academic research.

iii

ABSTRACT

The current study is the theoretical investigation concerning pragmatic markers in

talk shows within the framework of linguistic adaptation. Its aim is to prove into the

strategic application of pragmatic markers in the interactive utterances in talk shows in

order to achieve the adaptive functions of the conversational interpretation. In particular,

the current study respectively discusses how the five different types of pragmatic

markers involved in three subject matters of talk shows can facilitate the speaker to

transfer the utterance information and induce the hearer to confirm to the speaker’s

communicative intention, aiming at achieving the successfully conversational

communication.

In order to reveal the feasibility of the adaptive function of pragmatic markers, the

current study attempts to establish such the thinking pattern as pragmatic markers used

by interlocutors in the interactive utterance in talk shows are a type of discourse

strategies, which have the pragmatic functions of adaptation. And the adaptive function

can react in three aspects of the linguistic context constructed by utterances of talk

shows. They are the communicative context, the linguistic context, and the linguistic

structure of the speaker. Therefore, the comprehensive and systematic research for the

adaptive functions of pragmatic markers in talk shows is carried out.

First and foremost, pragmatic markers in talk shows are regarded as the highest

usage frequency and the most positive pragmatic units based on a large number of

literature reviews in terms of talk shows, the pilot studies of pragmatic markers, and

pragmatic markers in talk shows. As a result, the research of pragmatic markers in the

talk shows has the remarkably theoretic significance and the practical value.

Secondly, a tentative classification of pragmatic markers in talk shows is

undertaken combining with all audio-visual and written segments in the collection of

data within the theoretic framework of linguistic adaptation, namely order-sequencing

markers, authority-claiming markers, self-sustaining markers, turn-dominating markers,

and utterance-initiating markers. In the meanwhile, some Chinese and English examples

and their pragmatic interpretation for each type of pragmatic markers respectively are

exercised. The results indicate that the five types of pragmatic markers generate three

adaptive functions, namely communicative coherence, explicit information, and

utterance fulfillment related to the physic world, the social world, and the mental world

in the communicative context, the linguistic context, and the linguistic structure of the

speaker.

Finally, pragmatic markers are put into the interactive utterances of three subject

matters of talk shows (news talk shows, finance and economics talk shows, and

personage talk shows) and made the contrast in the particularly conversational context.

In addition, statistics of the usage frequency of pragmatic markers are listed in sequence.

With two parameters concerning the social identity and gender of the interlocutors, the

pragmatic routines and the pragmatic functions of adaptation dealing with five types of

pragmatic markers in the above mentioned talk shows are investigated, aiming at

considering pragmatic markers as the best discourse strategy.

The current study facilitates to illustrate how pragmatic markers as the best

discourse strategy can render the interactive utterance into the communicative process

of interpretation in talk shows. Furthermore, it provides the magnificent reference and

practical consultation for the studies other institution interactions and language teaching

of argumentative discourses.

Key Words: Pragmatic Makers, Talk Show, Adaptation Theory,

Institutional Interaction

摘要

本文是关于电视访谈语言语用标记语的顺应理论研究，旨在探讨语用标记语

在互动性电视访谈语言中如何被策略地加以使用，以实现话语理解的语用顺应功

能。文章具体讨论了五种不同类型的语用标记语分别在三种题材电视访谈语言中

是如何协助发话人组织语用信息，同时引导听话人在此基础上顺应发话人的语用

意图，最终达到言语交际成功的目的。

为了揭示语用标记语顺应功能的可行性，文章试图建立这样一种思维模式：

出现在电视访谈语言中的语用标记语是一种言语交际策略；该策略具有语用顺应

功能；其功能可以通过电视访谈语言构建的具体语言语境效果的三种方式实现，

即顺应交际语境、顺应语言语境、顺应发话人的语言结构。由此，展开了针对电

视访谈语言语用标记语的语用顺应功能的深入研究。

首先，本文通过对电视访谈语言、语用标记语和电视访谈语言语用标记语相

关的文献进行研究，发现语用标记语是电视访谈语言中使用频率最多、最活跃的

多功能语用单元。因此，在电视访谈言语交际中研究语用标记语具有较大的理论

意义和实践价值。

其次，基于顺应理论，结合本文所收集的影音文字资料，对电视访谈语言使

用的语用标记语进行五种尝试性分类，即顺序承接语用标记语、权威声明语用标

记语、自持语用标记语、话轮保持语用标记语和开篇语用标记语。并就每种类型

的语用标记语给出中、英文实例和详尽的释解。研究结果表明，五类语用标记语

分别对交际语境中的时空世界、社会世界、心理世界，语言语境和发话人的语言

结构具有交际语言连贯、言语信息明示和话语结构填充等语用顺应功能。

最后，依据上述语用标记语分类及其语用顺应功能阐释，对三种题材电视访

谈节目(即新闻类、财经类和人物类)中出现的语用标记语进行对比分析和使用频

率统计。以发话人的社会身份和性别为参数，观察五种语用标记语在这三类电视

访谈语言中的语用规律及此规律的语用顺应性，以此验证语用标记语是达到最佳

语言交际效果的语用手段。

本研究有助于阐明作为最佳言语交际策略的语用标记语是如何将互动性电视

访谈语言变成为一个可以释解的交际过程，对其他机构语言的深入研究和辩论语

言语用教学具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

关键词：语用标记语电视访谈顺应论机构语言

A List of Abbreviations and Symbols

AT: adaptation theory

PM: pragmatic marker

PMs: pragmatic markers

-: a break in utterance

…: a delay in utterance

A List of Figures

Figure1: Popular talk shows on China Center Television

Figure2: Statistics of the related studies of talk shows

Figure3: Researchers of pragmatic markers in a variety of languages

Figure4: Terminological diversity of pragmatic markers

Figure 5: Contextual correlates of adaptation

Figure6: Statistics of pragmatic markers of the high frequency in news talk shows

Figure 7: Statistics of pragmatic markers used by interlocutors with different genders in

news talk shows

Figure8:Statistics of pragmatic markers of the high frequency in finance and economics

talk shows

Figure 9: Statistics of pragmatic markers used by interlocutors with different genders in

finance and economics talk shows

Figure10: Statistics of pragmatic markers of the high frequency in personage talk

shows

Figure 11: Statistics of pragmatic markers used by interlocutors with different genders

in personage talk shows

vii

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... iii

摘要 .................................................................................................................................................... v

A List of Abbreviations and Symbols ................................................................................................... vi

A List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................vi

Chapter One Introduction .......................................................................................................................1

§1.1 Preliminary Remarks ..............................................................................................................1

§1.2 Remaining Problems in the Previous Study ...........................................................................2

§1.3 Rationale of the Current Study ...............................................................................................3

§1.4 Objectives of the Current Study .............................................................................................5

§1.5 Data Collection and Methodology ......................................................................................... 7

§1.6 Organization and Layout of the Thesis .................................................................................. 9

Chapter Two Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 11

§2.1 Previous Studies on Talk Shows .......................................................................................... 11

§2.2 Previous Studies on Pragmatic Markers .............................................................................. 14

§2.2.1 Terminological Diversity .......................................................................................... 14

§2.2.2 Syntactic-pragmatic Perspective ...............................................................................17

§2.2.3 Semantic-pragmatic Perspective ...............................................................................20

§2.2.4 Pragma-cognitive Perspective ...................................................................................23

§2.3 Previous Studies on Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows ...................................................... 28

§2.4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 29

Chapter Three Descriptions of the Conceptual Framework ................................................................ 31

§3.1 Circumscription of Pragmatic Markers ................................................................................31

§3.1.1 Earlier Definitions of Pragmatic Markers .................................................................31

§3.1.2 Working Definition of Pragmatic Markers ............................................................... 33

§3.2 Delimitation of Pragmatic Markers ......................................................................................35

§3.2.1 Utterance-initiating Markers .....................................................................................36

§3.2.2 Self-sustaining Markers ............................................................................................ 38

§3.2.3 Order-sequencing Markers ........................................................................................40

§3.2.4 Turn-dominating Markers ......................................................................................... 41

§3.2.5 Authority-claiming Markers ......................................................................................43

§3.3 A Theoretical Sketch: Adaptation Theory ............................................................................45

§3.3.1 Theoretical Assumptions of Adaptation Theory ....................................................... 46

§3.3.2 Key Notions of Adaptation Theory ...........................................................................47

§3.3.3 Analytical Dimensions of Adaptation Theory .......................................................... 48

§3.4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 50

Chapter Four The Case Study of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows .................................................. 52

§4.1 Properties of Discourse in Talk Shows ................................................................................ 52

§4.2 Adaptative Functions of Pragmatic Markers as the Discourse Strategy in Talk Shows ......54

§4.2.1 Contextual Adaptation of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows .................................. 54

§4.2.2 Linguistic Adaptation of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows ....................................58

§4.2.3 Structural Adaptation of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows .................................... 59

§4.3 Statistic Differences of Pragmatic Markers in Various Types of Talk Shows ..................... 62

§4.3.1 Pragmatic Markers of the High Frequency in News Talk Shows .............................62

§4.3.2 Pragmatic Markers of the High Frequency in Finance and Economics Talk Shows65

§4.3.3 Pragmatic Markers of the High Frequency in Personage Talk Shows ..................... 67

§4.4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 70

Chapter Five Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 72

§5.1 Major Findings of the Current Study ................................................................................... 72

§5.2 Implications and Applications ..............................................................................................73

§5.3 Limitations of the Current Study ......................................................................................... 75

§5.4 Directions of the Further Studies ......................................................................................... 76

AppendixⅠ.......................................................................................................................................... 77

AppendixⅡ.......................................................................................................................................... 78

Appendix Ⅲ........................................................................................................................................ 79

Appendix Ⅳ........................................................................................................................................ 82

References ............................................................................................................................................ 83

Author’s Publications ........................................................................................................................... 88

Chapter One Introduction

§1.1 Preliminary Remarks

The generation of utterance is easy but complex process. Usually, interlocutors in

communicative interaction attempts to express their own opinions, exchange views with

each other, enhance mutual understandings and transmit the information through oral

and/or written discourses, in which such factors as parameters including interlocutors’

knowledge structure, cognitive background, and pragmatic habits are involved

simultaneously. Besides, in the process of communicative interaction, interlocutors have

to be incessantly constraint by meta-consciousness of self-talking monitor in order to

indicate interlocutors’ utterance planning and its metapragmatic awareness. Moreover,

interlocutors also have the intention that they prefer to achieve the communicative aims

through interactive discourses. As a result, pragmatic markers a kind of discourse

strategies are frequently employed by interlocutors and are gradually becoming one of

the major communicative strategies to ensure the realization of communicative

purposes.

Pragmatic markers are a type of discourse phenomena in ordinary conversation.

And their pragmatic functions are diversified. In recent years, comprehensive studies

and extensive investigations of pragmatic markers have been approached within

frameworks, such as in pragmatics, discourse analysis, speech act theory and even

language teaching theory. As a frequently employed discourse strategy, the appropriate

selection of pragmatic markers in the interactive utterance can effectively improve the

conversational efficiency of interlocutors. It is beneficial to the hearer for explicitly

inferring the communicative intention of the speaker and it is also advantageous to the

speaker for accurately judging the interpretation capability of the hearer by means of

pragmatic markers employed by interlocutors. Therefore, pragmatic markers have

become the important pragmatic parameters with which interlocutors’ communicative

competence can be reflected in terms of the accuracy of language interpretation and the

flexibility of language use. Since 1980’s, pragmatic markers on a large amount of

studies have been the very valuable research area not only in the field of linguistics but

A Study of Pragmatic Markers in Talk Shows from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory

also in other related academic sphere. Thus, the comprehensive and systematic studies

of pragmatic markers are necessary and significant for the field of linguistics.

Up till now, most of academic researches for pragmatic markers focus on the

semantic analysis of the single marker and its literal application in written discourse

instead of the dynamic interpretation from the perspective of pragmatics in

communicative interaction. In particular, the professional investigation of pragmatic

markers in special speech context, for instance, the institutional interaction, is still

limited in the tentative exploration with respect to syntactical and semantic factors. It is

no exaggeration to say that there is indeed a blind spot for linguistic scholars to make

the thematic discussion of pragmatic markers in talk shows within the framework of

adaptation theory. As a type of the institutional interaction, the interactive utterance of

talk shows has the dual characteristics including commonality of daily conversation and

unique features of the institutional interaction. Furthermore, its interactivity and

argumentativeness build the most positive context and the most faithful explanatory

basis for the high frequency of pragmatic markers. For this reason, studies of the current

orientation treat argumentations as the basic organizing force underlying all linguistic

communication. Therefore, the in-depth and scientific studies of pragmatic markers in

terms of their adaptive functions in talk shows brook no delay.

§1.2 Remaining Problems in the Previous Study

The pilot research related to discourse strategies in the institutional interaction still

exists in some unsolved problems. There has provided an overall description about

linguistic features in the institutional interaction.

Firstly, there is no identical definition and research range of pragmatic markers on

which linguistic scholars have unanimous agreement. As a result, the characteristics of

pragmatic markers need to be described. And the explanatory analysis of pragmatic

markers in the detailed context ought to be given a particular notice, for instance, in the

institutional context.

Secondly, based on the diversified terminologies, different researchers are apt to

supply heterogeneous approaches, inconsistency theoretical assumptions, research aims,

practical methodologies, and the data collection with their own interpretation for the

study of pragmatic markers. In fact, this is tantamount to increasing theoretically

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摘要：

iACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAStudyofPragmaticMarkersinTalkShowsfromthePerspectiveofAdaptationTheoryisthepreliminaryattemptstimulatedbyProf.&Dr.HanGeling’sscholasticwisdomintheinterpretationoflinguistictheoriesandapproachestolinguisticphenomenaincommunication.Duringthecourseofmypreparingforthethesistowardgenera...

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