《远离尘嚣》的生态女性主义解读

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Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my heartfelt appreciations to all those who have generously

offered their kindness and assistance to the completion of the thesis．

First of all ，I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor,

Associate Professor Hua Yan whose sense of responsibility, and genuine care and

consideration of me have impressed and encouraged me all through the two and a half

years of my graduate study. The weekly seminars she sponsored and organized for our

graduate students’ group have rendered invaluable assistance for developing and

crystallizing my thesis. In addition, her inspiring instructions and detailed

modifications have bettered my work and made it something more accurate and

reliable.

I also owe a great deal to many professors and teachers in the College of Foreign

Languages of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; without their

impressive lectures and professional guidance, I could not have acquired sufficient

specialized knowledge to work out the much-demanding graduation dissertation.

Next, I would like to thank my classmates and friends for their willing company

of and precious friendship with me; I truly appreciate the days we are being together,

sharing, caring and encouraging one another, which has made my life here on the

campus very colorful and enjoyable.

Last, I would like to thank my parents who have never ever stopped encouraging

and supporting me all the time.

ABSTRACT

The dissertation aims at expounding the theme that Far from the Madding Crowd

written by Thomas Hardy is a eulogy of nature and the people who love and respect

nature, and that people can always live in harmony with nature if they learn to

understand it and make appropriate use of it instead of abusing it.

Starting from literature reviews of the writer and his works, Hardy’s ambivalent

attitude towards women and his strong ecological consciousness are illustrated clearly

in the first two chapters. Next, the heroine Bathsheba Everdene is reviewed of her

three salient characteristics -- her vanity, her independence and her love -- out of

which, she is regarded as a Victorian feminist. Then in chapter 4, the relation between

man and nature is discussed with sufficient evidence to prove that people are happier

and more successful when they are in good relation with their natural surroundings,

and vice versa; and among the many characters relating to nature, Gabriel Oak is

established as a model of nature-conscious man in Hardy’s Wessex realm. Also in

chapter 4, another relation pattern between people and nature looms larger in that

males and females show different ways to associate with their natural surroundings –

men’s contact with nature is more active, functional and with practical benefits while

women tend to resort to nature for assistance when they are troubled emotionally or

physically. The thesis tentatively suggests that this different-gender arrangement of

scenarios and plots originate from Hardy’s own patriarchal viewpoints of man and

woman, and it reveals in ecofenimist perspective that Hardy assigns men the most

active role among the three – men, women and nature.

The research of Hardy and his novel is carried out in hopes of infusing more

enthusiasm into the current environmental conservation and protection, and

contributing to the joint endeavor of mankind to build a harmonious relationship with

nature where man is a species like all the other creatures.

Key words: ecofeminism, woman, man, nature, patriarchy, Far from

the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy

iii

摘要

该论文旨在阐述这样一个主题：托马斯·哈代的小说《远离尘嚣》是一部

自然和热爱自然的人们的颂歌，如果人们能够学会了解并合理地利用自然而不是

滥用其资源，就能够达到天人合一的境界。

论文前两章包括了作家和作品的文献综述，重点考察了哈代对女性的矛盾

态度和他所具有的较强的自然生态意识。第三章讨论了女主角巴斯谢芭的三个显

著特征：爱慕虚荣、崇尚独立和追求爱情，这些特点使巴斯谢芭具有了一些维多

利亚时期女权主义者的色彩。第四章通过利用小说文本中的具体情节和描述，分

析并论证了当人们与自然和谐相处时就会更加幸福和成功，而与自然格格不入时

就会不幸或挫败；在哈代小说威塞克斯王国的众生相中，奥克被塑造成了具有自

然意识的典型人物；第四章还阐释了男性和女性与自然接触的两种不同方式—男

性方式积极主动、具有实用性，而女性更倾向于在精神或物质上遭遇困境时诉诸

自然、寻求自然的慰藉或帮助。论文笔者推测小说中对男女性别与自然交往的不

同处理方式源自于哈代自身的父权制思想的影响，以生态女性主义的视角阐释，

即他在处理男人、女人和自然三者的关系中可能刻意赋予男性最为积极主动的角

色。

本研究期望通过对哈代及作品的深入了解，为当代环境保护的全球意识注入

更多的激情和活力，为实现人与自然的和谐统一做出贡献。

关键词：生态女性主义，自然，男性，女性，男权制，《远离尘

嚣》，托马斯·哈代

Contents

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii

Contents .......................................................................................................................iv

Chapter One Introduction .......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Theme and Value of the Research ..............................................................1

1.2 Literature Review ...................................................................................... 2

1.3 Ecofeminist Criticism ................................................................................ 6

1.4 Framework of the Thesis ........................................................................... 8

Chapter Two Far Into Wessex .................................................................................. 10

2.1 Affection for Native Land ........................................................................11

2.2 Cultivation of Ecological Consciousness ................................................ 13

2.3 Influence of Social Transformation ......................................................... 15

Chapter Three Far from Conventions ..................................................................... 17

3.1 Girl of Vanity ........................................................................................... 18

3.2 Girl of Independence ............................................................................... 19

3.3 Girl of Love ............................................................................................. 23

Chapter Four Being with Nature ............................................................................. 25

4.1 Men with Nature ...................................................................................... 26

4.1.1 Gabriel Oak .......................................................................................27

4.1.1.1 Playing the Flute ........................................................................ 27

4.1.1.2 Reading Stars ............................................................................. 28

4.1.1.3 Pity for Sheep ............................................................................ 29

4.1.1.4 Foretelling Storm ....................................................................... 29

4.1.2 Francis Troy and William Boldwood ................................................31

4.1.2.1 Red Uniform and Sword Drill ................................................... 31

4.1.2.2 Ignoring Nature’s Warning ........................................................ 32

4.1.2.3 Indulging in One’s Own Emotions ............................................ 33

4.2 Women with Nature ................................................................................. 35

4.2.1 Bathsheba Everdene ..........................................................................36

4.2.1.1 Handsome but Vain ....................................................................36

4.2.1.2 Narcissus or Valentine ............................................................... 37

4.2.1.3 Cultural or Natural .....................................................................38

4.2.1.4 Return and Reward .................................................................... 38

4.2.2 Fanny Robin ......................................................................................40

4.2.2.1 Pretty and Fragile .......................................................................41

4.2.2.2 Struggle but Die .........................................................................42

Chapter Five Conclusion ...........................................................................................45

Works Cited ............................................................................................................... 50

在读期间公开发表的论文 ......................................................................................... 52

Chapter One Introduction

Thomas Hardy, the great British writer, has always been fascinating me by his

versatile talents and many famous works. Impressed by his sensitive and detailed

depictions of women characters in his novels and enticed into the beautiful natural

world created in his fictional realm, I focus my attention on one of his works, Far from

the Madding Crowd, his fourth novel and his first major literary success.

1.1 Theme and Value of the Research

As a much-discussed work written by Hardy in 1874, Far from the Madding

Crowd seems to have taken on a new look in the present time when ecological

consciousness has taken root in people’s mind and being friendly with natural

environment has become a common agreement all over the world. The Copenhagen

Conference on Climate Change held on Dec.7 last year thrust the environment issue to

the summit when the developing countries are expecting the financial aids from the

developed countries to help cut down their carbon dioxide emissions and also hope

those countries take lead in reducing their own countries’ CO2emissions which, in fact,

contribute in a larger proportion to the deteriorating global pollution. Ordinary people

are also frequently reminded of climate change problems. People as individual can not

feel directly the harm they do to the climate when they drive a car to work, when they

overuse water while showering, when they litter around on a pleasant trip, when they

wear a fur coat in winter, and when they enjoy hunting wild game in woods. However,

many a little makes a mickle. They all contribute a bit to the climate change. If they

realize this root reason, they will tighten their water tap and shut down their electric

appliances in standby mode; they won't buy more clothes than they need just for

showing off or running after fashion; they will not travel around the world too much to

waste petroleum or gas that could be used for subsistence purposes, and they won't use

disposable chopsticks to have more trees felled down. All these modern problems have

originated from people’s neglect of nature. In this current context, going back to see

how Hardy regards issues of nature appears more than important and significant.

Hardy’s attitude toward nature is what modern people need most in the present,

An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd

and an in-depth research of his concrete thoughts or idealistic incarnation of his

ecological consciousness conveyed in his novels will help us learn more about the

natural world of human beings.

In my study of his novel Far from the Madding Crowd, I focus, especially, on two

obvious relation patterns between man and nature showed in his novel: the one that the

happier and more successful people tend to have a good term with their natural

surroundings and vice versa, and the one that males tend to have a more active

interaction with nature while females are inclined to resort to nature for help when they

are in trouble. The first relation pattern is the observation of Irving Howe who

elaborates his comments on Hardy’s works in his book Thomas Hardy (1973); and I

just locate some evidence in the novel in discussion to prove its vitality. The second

relation pattern stems from my own reading and contemplating, and I think it can be

regarded as the most creative part of my research.

In addition to the discussion of human’s relationship with nature, I also study the

female character in the novel in a perspective of feminist criticism. The heroine,

Bathsheba Everdene, is established by Hardy as a typical feminist figure in Victorian

age, which in a sense reflects the writer’s ambivalent attitude toward women.

With these discussions, I intend to expound the theme of the thesis that Far from

the Madding Crowd is a eulogy of nature and people, especially nature and the people

who love and respect nature, and that people can always live in harmony with nature if

they learn to understand it and make appropriate use of it instead of abusing it.

If the thematic meaning of the research is realized through my long-time effort on

writing this paper and if the environmental protection ideas implied by it are identified

with by professors and students who read the thesis, I will feel relieved and satisfied.

1.2 Literature Review

There are many critics of Hardy’s attitude towards females, ranging from his

being positive, to ambivalent and to negative. Dutta Shanta in her Ambivalence in

Hardy (2) mentions that “Hardy is held up as a champion of women，as a man who

sympathized with their downtrodden condition and who fought to highlight the various

socio-economic injustices of which they were victims”, and that Hardy is suspected to

be a misogynist “who seems not to have outgrown the hereditary Christian notion that

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摘要：

iAcknowledgementsIwouldliketoextendmyheartfeltappreciationstoallthosewhohavegenerouslyofferedtheirkindnessandassistancetothecompletionofthethesis．Firstofall，Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerestgratitudetomysupervisor,AssociateProfessorHuaYanwhosesenseofresponsibility,andgenuinecareandconsiderationofmehave...

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