《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的三个中译本的修辞效果对比研究

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Acknowledgements

It has taken me nearly a year to select the topic, write and revise my thesis. When

looking back on the hard long journey, I can hardly imagine the completion of my

thesis without the help and encouragement from so many people. Therefore, I would

like to take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt gratitude to those who have

provided me with unselfish help.

First of all, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor

Deng Zhiyong. He has given me valuable suggestions on the organization and the

contents of this thesis. After my finishing the first draft, he read it carefully and gave

me so many suggestions about correction and improvement. Without his immense

patience and enlightening guidance, I would never have finished my thesis. Here I

would also thank Associate Professor Yang Tao. She has read through my third draft

and given me a lot of precious suggestions about correction and language polishing.

My gratitude also goes to those professors who have given us wonderful lectures

during my postgraduate studies. I am also indebted to the teachers who have spared

their valuable time to finish my questionnaire. They are Zhang Feixiang, Hua Yan,

Zhang Qi, Jin Wenning, Liu Qin and Han Geling. All of my classmates also deserve

my heartfelt gratitude. During the past two years they have offered me great help on

both study and everyday life.

Finally, I would like to express my great thanks to my families for their persistent

love and support throughout the years of my study.

ABSTRACT

This thesis chooses The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its three Chinese

versions as a case study and makes a comparative study of these versions from the

perspective of rhetoric. Translation and rhetoric in nature are communication; the

process of translation is actually a process of rhetoric or identification, during which

the rhetorician is the translator itself, the audiences are the various target readers and

the rhetorical product is the translated version. Whether a translated version is

successful or not depends on whether it has been accepted and identified by the

target readers, that is, whether it has persuaded the target readers. Therefore, the

author of this thesis uses Kenneth Burke’s “Identification” theory and holds that a

translator should try his best to achieve three “identifications” in the process of

translation, namely the identifications between the translator and the source writer,

the translator and the target readers, and finally achieving the identification between

the source writer and the target readers. In order to achieve the three

“identifications”, a translator must analyze the rhetorical features of the source text

first, and then use the closest natural equivalent to reproduce these features so that

the source text and the target text can achieve Dynamic Equivalent. In other words,

the translator should make the source text and target text achieve “identification” in

both meaning and style.

Through carefully analyzing the rhetorical features of the original novel and

making a comparison of the three Chinese versions, the author finds out that the

three versions have all successfully transferred the type of narration and the

colloquial style of the original novel. But from the aspects of dealing with the shift

of point of view in narration, dialects translation, humor translation and the

translation of other genres of literature, Xu’s version has done a better job than

Zhang’s and Cheng’s versions. Therefore, the author makes a hypothesis that on the

whole Xu’s version has achieved better rhetorical effects than Zhang’s and Cheng’s

versions.

Since the readers’ response is the best ways of evaluating whether a version

has achieved the best rhetorical effects, the author designs a questionnaire to collect

Chinese readers’ response to the three versions. The results show that most readers

have an obvious preference for Xu’s version. Among the seven selected examples,

there are five in which more than one third of the total readers have chosen Xu’s

translations, especially the identifying levels of Example (3), Example (4) and

Example (7) have achieved 54.2%, 51.8% and 53.0% respectively, much higher than

33.3%. This further testifies the hypothesis that the author has made previously.

Finally, based on this study, the author puts forward some suggestions for translators

so that they can improve the quality of their translated versions as well as upgrade

their translation level in the future.

Key Words: Dynamic Equivalent，Identification，Rhetorical

effects，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

vii

摘要

本文以小说《哈克贝利·芬历险记》及其三个中文译本作为研究对象，从

一个新的视角，即：修辞学的角度，对这三个译本来进行对比研究。翻译和修

辞在本质上都是交际，翻译的过程实质上就是一个修辞的过程，在这个过程中

修辞者就是译者本人，观众就是广大的译语读者，译本则是修辞的产品，而翻

译的成功与否主要是看读者是否接受并认同你的译本，即：是否成功的说服了

读者。因此，作者运用美国著名修辞学家肯尼斯·伯克的“同一”理论，认为

翻译过程中必须达到三个“同一”，即：译者与原文作者的同一，译者与译文读

者的同一，最终达到原文作者与译文读者的同一。要达到上述三个“同一”，在

翻译的过程中，译者就必须仔细分析原著的修辞特色，然后用最贴近的自然的

对等语来再现原文的这些修辞特色，使译文和原文达到“动态对等”，也就是使

译文和原文在内容和形式达到“同一”。

通过分析小说原著的修辞特色和比较三个中文译本，作者发现它们都比较

成功地再现了原著的叙述类型和口语化的风格。但是，在处理叙述视角的转换、

方言的翻译、幽默风格的翻译以及小说中其他体裁的翻译方面，许如祉的译本

做的比张万里和成时的译本要好。通过这些对比分析，作者得出这样的假设，

即：从修辞的角度来看，许译总体上达到的修辞效果比张译和成译都要好。

读者反映是检验一个译本是否达到最佳修辞效果的最好途径。因此，作者

设计了一份针对部分中国读者的问卷调查，通过调查发现读者对三个译本的认

同度与作者的假设非常接近。在选取的 7 个译例中，选择许译的人数超过三分

之一的译例达到了 5 个，尤其是译例(3)、(4)和(7)，他们的认同度分别达到

54.2％、51.8％和 53.0％，大大超过了 33.3％的基本认同度。这进一步证实了

本文的假设。最后，通过本论文的研究，作者对如何提高译文质量和译者今后

如何提高自身翻译水平提出了几点建议。

关键词：动态对等同一修辞效果

《哈克贝利·芬历险记》

viii

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

中文摘要

Chapter One Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

§1.1 The Source, Significance and Aim of the Study .............................................1

§1.2 The Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................3

Chapter Two Literature Review .....................................................................................5

§2.1 The Research on Rhetorical Issues in Translation at Home and Abroad ........5

§2.2 Reader in Translation and Rhetoric ................................................................ 7

Chapter Three Theoretical Preliminaries ..................................................................... 11

§3.1 The Definition and Nature of Translation .....................................................11

§3.1.1 Some Key Definitions of Translation ............................................... 11

§3.1.2 Nida’s Notion of Translation and the Dynamic Equivalence Theory13

§3.2 The Definition and Nature of Rhetoric ......................................................... 14

§3.2.1 Some Key Definitions of Rhetoric ................................................... 14

§3.2.2 Kenneth Burke’s Notion of Rhetoric and the Identification Theory 16

§3.3 The Relationship between Fictional Translation and Rhetoric .....................18

Chapter Four An Introduction to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Analysis

of Its Rhetorical Features .............................................................................................21

§4.1 Introduction to the Author—Mark Twain .....................................................21

§4.2 Introduction to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ................................... 22

§4.2.1 Contents of the Novel ....................................................................... 22

§4.2.2 Rhetorical Features of the Novel ...................................................... 24

§4.3 Comments on the Novel ............................................................................... 26

§4.4 Introduction to the Three Selected Chinese Versions ................................... 27

Chapter Five A Comparative Study of the Three Chinese Versions ............................ 29

§5.1 The Narrative and Its Translation ................................................................. 29

§5.1.1 The Relationship between Narrative and Rhetoric ........................... 29

§5.1.2 The Relationship between Narrative and Translation .......................30

§5.1.3 Narrative in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Its Translation31

§5.2 The Style of the Three Versions ....................................................................41

§5.2.1 Style and Translation ........................................................................ 41

§5.2.2 A Comparison of the Three Versions in terms of Style Transference42

§5.3 Other Genres of Literature in the Novel and Their Translations .................. 62

§5.3.1 Letter and Its Translation ..................................................................62

§5.3.2 Poem and Its Translation .................................................................. 67

Chapter Six A Questionnaire on Target Readers’ Response ........................................ 71

§6.1 The Design and Implementation of the Questionnaire ................................. 71

§6.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................. 71

§6.1.2 Subjects .............................................................................................71

§6.1.3 Design ............................................................................................... 72

§6.1.4 Procedure .......................................................................................... 72

§6.2 Results and Discussions ................................................................................73

§6.2.1 The Basic Knowledge about the Subjects ........................................ 73

§6.2.2 Data Analysis and Discussions ......................................................... 75

§6.3 Summary and Limitations .............................................................................79

Chapter Seven Conclusion ...........................................................................................81

Appendix ......................................................................................................................85

Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 93

在读期间发表论文 ..................................................................................................... 96

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ivAcknowledgementsIthastakenmenearlyayeartoselectthetopic,writeandrevisemythesis.Whenlookingbackonthehardlongjourney,Icanhardlyimaginethecompletionofmythesiswithoutthehelpandencouragementfromsomanypeople.Therefore,Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetothosewhohaveprovidedmewit...

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