基于公平视角下个人所得税家庭课税制改革研究

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3.0 侯斌 2024-11-19 4 4 1.36MB 69 页 15积分
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摘 要
在今年两会上,不少代表提出下一步个人所得税制改革应由分类所得税制逐
步转向综合所得税制改革,尤其可以考虑以家庭为单位征收个人所得税。从目前
社会公众对税制改革的期待来看,现行税制改革仅仅提高起征点等做法未能有效
体现公平税负原则,未能体现每个家庭的经济负担差异及纳税人的实际税收负担。
因此,实行个人所得税家庭课税制是未来我国个人所得税改革的主要方向。
现阶段我国学者对个人所得税改革的研究颇多,但对于家庭课税制的研究更
多停留在理论层面,许多专家学者仅仅将其作为纳税单位的变更来考虑,而并未
从税制改革的层面做深层次的探析。
本文以构建个人所得税家庭课税制改革方案为主要研究内容,运用比较分析
法、问卷调查法、文献资料法、访谈法等研究方法,对我国现行个人所得税制改
革进行尝试性探索。
内容主要由五个部分构成。第一部分梳理了国内外专家学者对个人所得税改
革的研究成果及几种不同观点的综述;第二部分为理论基础,阐述了税收公平理
论和最优税制理论,通过与现行个人所得税制比较,形成家庭课税制模式的理论
基础,并讨论了我国实施家庭课税制模式的必要性和可行性;第三部分是对我国
个人所得税制改革的发展历程、现状进行阐述,在比较横向税负公平的基础上,
总结出现行个人所得税制的主要问题是调节个人收入差距的有效性不强,使得纳
税人税收负担不公平;第四部分是重点,借鉴美国、法国、日本与中国香港的家
庭课税制改革的成功经验,结合问卷调查法分析实施家庭课税制模式的基础条件
并提出改革设想;第五部分是核心,在综合上述分析的基础上提出家庭课税制改
革的方案构思,包括明确家庭申报单位、费用扣除标准和减免税优惠,为构建以
家庭为单位的个人所得税综合税制改革提出对策。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论:(1)个人所得税制度改革关系到国家收入的
合理分配及社会的稳定,税制模式转换能较好的体现税负公平原则。(2)个人所
得税改革应该更加体现以“人”为中心,综合考虑每个家庭的经济差异、收入分
配和税收负担,逐步实现以家庭为单位征税和差别化扣除模式。(3)以家庭为单
位征收个人所得税在我国已具备基本条件,是切实可行的,该制度有利于公平价值
的实现,有利于形成公平的税收环境。(4)家庭课税制的构建可从纳税单位、费
用扣除、申报体系、征管水平四方面探索。
关键词:个人所得税 家庭课税制 公平税负 税制改革
ABSTRACT
In the two sessions of this year, quite a few representatives expressed that the next
step of the reform of personal income tax system shall gradually transfer to
comprehensive income tax system, especially considering imposing personal income
tax on the basis of taking a family as a whole. From the present expectation on the
reform of tax system of the public, the present reform of tax system could not
demonstrate the principle of fair taxation efficiently and could not show the differences
of economical burden and the actual tax burden of taxpayers. Therefore, implementing
family contributory tax system is the main direction of the reform of personal income
tax system.
At present stage, the scholars in our country research a lot on the reform of
personal income tax system, but their study on family contributory tax system is only at
the theoretical level. Many scholars just consider it as a taxation unit and have not made
a deep exploration and analysis from the level of tax reform.
The thesis takes the construction of the reform of tax system from personal income
to family income as the main research content and makes a tentative exploration on the
reform of personal income tax system through the study methods of comparative
analysis, questionnaire, document literature, interviewing method, etc.
The thesis consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter combs the research results of
domestic and overseas experts on the reform of personal income tax as well as the
overview of several different opinions. The second chapter describes the theories of tax
fairness and optimal taxation system, which lays the theoretical foundation for this
thesis. It makes a comparison with the present personal income tax system to form the
theoretical foundation for family contributory tax system and it also discusses necessity
and feasibility to implement family contributory tax system. The third chapter explains
the development process and the present condition of the reform of personal income tax
system in our country. Besides, on the basis of comparing tax fairness from horizontal
analysis, it summarizes the main problem of the present personal income tax system that
the present tax system is not efficient on adjusting personal income differences, which
makes the tax burden of taxpayers unfair. The fourth chapter is the focus of the thesis. It
adopts the successful experience of the reform of family contributory tax system in
America, France, Japan and Hong Kong, analyzes the basic conditions of implementing
family contributory tax system and puts forwards creative ideas. The fifth chapter is the
core of the thesis. On the above comprehensive analysis, it raises the blue print of the
reform of family contributory tax system, including clarifying family application unit,
the standards of expense reduction and tax breaks, which brings forward solutions for
the reform of the comprehensive tax system of personal income which takes a family as
a whole.
Through the research, the thesis comes the conclusions as the following: (1) The
reform of personal income tax system concerns the equitable distribution and social
stability and the transfer of the tax system could display tax fairness in a better way. (2)
The reform of personal income tax system shall demonstrate the person-centered
principle and take the income differences of every family, income distribution and tax
burden into consideration to gradually realize a tax system which takes a family as a
unit to impose the tax and conducts the mode of reduction differentiation. (3) The basic
conditions of taking a family as a unit to impose the tax are basically ready and thus it is
feasible to implement it. The new system is beneficial to the realization of fairness and
form fair taxation environment. (4) The construction of family contributory tax system
could be explored from four aspects, taxation unit, expense reduction, declaration
system and tax levy level.
Key WordsIndividual income tax, the Family individual income tax,
Fair taxation, Tax reform
目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪 论 ....................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景、目的与意义 ....................................... 1
1.1.1 研究背景 .............................................. 1
1.1.2 研究目的 .............................................. 2
1.1.3 研究意义 .............................................. 2
1.2 国内外研究现状 .............................................. 3
1.2.1 国外研究现状 .......................................... 3
1.2.2 国内研究现状 .......................................... 5
1.2.3 研究评述 .............................................. 8
1.3 研究思路、方法和可能的创新点 ................................ 9
1.3.1 研究思路 .............................................. 9
1.3.2 研究方法 ............................................. 11
1.3.3 可能的创新点 ......................................... 11
第二章 公平视角下个人所得税改革的理论基础 ........................ 13
2.1 税收公平理论 ............................................... 13
2.1.1 税收公平理论的本质 ................................... 13
2.1.2 税收横向公平与税收纵向公平 ........................... 14
2.1.3 公平税负对税制改革的作用 ............................. 14
2.2 最优税制理论 ............................................... 15
2.2.1 最优税制理论的前提假设 ............................... 15
2.2.2 最优税制理论的基本形式 ............................... 16
2.2.3 最优税制理论的理论实践 ............................... 17
2.3 家庭课税制与个人课税制的比较分析 ........................... 18
2.3.1 家庭课税制概念的界定与基本特征 ....................... 18
2.3.2 家庭课税制与个人课税制的比较 ......................... 19
2.3.3 家庭课税制改革在我国实施的必要性和可行性 ............. 19
2.4 本章小结 ................................................... 23
第三章 现行个人所得税制改革路径与存在的问题 ....................... 24
3.1 个人所得税制改革路径 ....................................... 24
3.1.1 个人所得税概况 ....................................... 24
3.1.2 个人所得税法的演变历程 ............................... 24
3.1.3 个人所得税制改革的路径选择 ........................... 26
3.2 现行个人所得税制课税现状 ................................... 27
3.2.1 法律制度现状 ......................................... 27
3.2.2 经济征收现状 ......................................... 28
3.3 现行个人所得税制横向公平税负分析 ........................... 29
3.3.1 所得数额相同而税负不同 ............................... 29
3.3.2 收入发放方式不同形成税负不同 ......................... 31
3.4 现行个人所得税制存在的主要问题 ............................. 32
3.4.1 未能完全实现税收公平 ................................. 32
3.4.2 未能有效发挥收入调节功能 ............................. 32
3.4.3 忽视了不同家庭收入和负担构成的差异 ................... 32
3.4.4 未能与税收征管机制有效结合 ........................... 33
3.5 本章小结 ................................................... 33
第四章 家庭课税制改革的经验借鉴与基础条件分析 ..................... 34
4.1 美国家庭课税制模式 ......................................... 34
4.1.1 美国个人所得税制度概况 ............................... 34
4.1.2 美国个人所得税制度适用分析 ........................... 36
4.2 法国家庭课税制模式 ......................................... 37
4.2.1 法国个人所得税制度概况 ............................... 37
4.2.2 法国个人所得税制度适用分析 ........................... 38
4.3 日本个人所得税模式 ......................................... 39
4.3.1 日本个人所得税制度概况 ............................... 39
4.3.2 日本个人所得税制度适用分析 ........................... 40
4.4 中国香港个人所得税模式 ..................................... 40
4.4.1 中国香港个人所得税制度概况 ........................... 40
4.4.2 中国香港个人所得税制度适用分析 ....................... 41
4.5 不同模式的经验借鉴及启示 ................................... 41
4.5.1 经验借鉴 ............................................. 42
4.5.2 经验启示 ............................................. 42
4.6 实施家庭课税制模式的基础条件分析 ........................... 43
4.6.1 实施家庭课税制模式的基本原则 ......................... 43
4.6.2 实施家庭课税制模式的法律法规体系 ..................... 43
4.6.3 构建稳定的纳税家庭结构 ............................... 44
4.6.4 健全有效的税收征管体系 ............................... 44
4.7 本章小结 ................................................... 45
第五章 我国实施家庭课税制改革的方案设想 ........................... 46
5.1 家庭课税制改革方案的总体设计 .............................. 46
5.2 家庭课税制改革方案的基本内容 .............................. 46
5.2.1 明确家庭纳税人的范围 ................................. 47
5.2.2 适用家庭课税制的税前扣除基数确立 ..................... 48
5.2.3 以家庭为单位应纳税所得额和应纳税额的计算 ............. 50
5.2.4 科学合理规划税率结构 ................................. 51
5.3 家庭课税制改革方案分析 ..................................... 51
5.3.1 现行个人课税制与家庭课税制比较 ....................... 51
5.3.2 家庭课税制模式对中高收入家庭的税负分析 ............... 52
5.4 个人所得税制配套改革建议 ................................... 54
5.4.1 个体家庭的税收负担应纳入税制改革考量 ................. 54
5.4.2 税制改革也应以“人”为本 ............................. 54
5.4.3 建立家庭综合收入核算体系 ............................. 55
5.4.4 提高家庭纳税申报意识 ................................. 55
5.4.5 建立健全社会化税收监控体系 ........................... 56
5.5 本章小结 ................................................... 56
第六章 结论与展望 ................................................. 57
6.1 研究结论 ................................................... 57
6.2 研究展望 ................................................... 58
附录 .............................................................. 59
参考文献 .......................................................... 61
在读期间公开发表论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ...................... 64
致谢 .............................................................. 65
摘要:

摘要在今年两会上,不少代表提出下一步个人所得税制改革应由分类所得税制逐步转向综合所得税制改革,尤其可以考虑以家庭为单位征收个人所得税。从目前社会公众对税制改革的期待来看,现行税制改革仅仅提高起征点等做法未能有效体现公平税负原则,未能体现每个家庭的经济负担差异及纳税人的实际税收负担。因此,实行个人所得税家庭课税制是未来我国个人所得税改革的主要方向。现阶段我国学者对个人所得税改革的研究颇多,但对于家庭课税制的研究更多停留在理论层面,许多专家学者仅仅将其作为纳税单位的变更来考虑,而并未从税制改革的层面做深层次的探析。本文以构建个人所得税家庭课税制改革方案为主要研究内容,运用比较分析法、问卷调查法、文...

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作者:侯斌 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:69 页 大小:1.36MB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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