需求层次对出口复杂度的影响机制

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3.0 侯斌 2024-11-19 4 4 684.71KB 69 页 15积分
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改革开放三十年来我国出口量实现了井喷式增长,但在众多高科出口领
域我国并不占优势,且“中国制造”的低端形依旧没有到改变。政府在扶持
企业创新方面推出了很多优惠政策,但低端出的现象仍没有得到很大转变。与
此同时,随着中国经济发展,人力成本不断上,众多跨公司纷纷将工厂搬离
中国。中国出口若不能改变低端制造的发展路径,其后续发展潜力将被严重削弱。
在此背景下,提高我国的出口复杂度尤为迫切对出口复度影响因素及其影响
机制的研究具有深远的现实意义。
本文首先总结了出口复杂度的测算方法及其最新发展,在比较了各种方法的优
劣后,本文综合应用了 Xu Bin2010)和丁小义(2013)的改进方法,重新测算
了中国的出口复杂度,并作了横向比较和纵向较。测算果显示,与同等经济
发展水平的国家相比,中国并没有在出口复杂上显现出何优势,与同期世界
平均水平相比,我国的出口复杂度也处在较低水平,且这种状况并没有因为总
体经济的发展而得到改善。
针对上述现象,本文建立了经济学模型,分别从宏观和微观的角度进行了系统
阐述。宏观模型研究发现,生产结构的调整路主要取决两个方面:非技术层
面上,主要取决于国民经济的增长速度与高低产品的需增速的关系;技术层
面上,取决于生产技术在不同生产部门之间的对效率。具体而言,当经济增速
高于低档品需求增速而低于高档品需求增速时生产结构沿着产业升级路径调
整;当经增速低于低档品需求增速而高于高品需求增时,生产结构则将沿
着低端锁定路径调整。从技术使用的角度,当生产技术高档品部门较低端品
更具效率时,生产结构相对于需求结构会更先,反之则落后。由此可见,若
一国的低端部门需求发展速度快于其经济增速则其产业构将会向着低端化结
构发展,这就很好地解释了我国改革开放三十来的状况即总体经济发展速度
一直处于较高水平,但人均收入仍处于较低水,低端部的需求增速高于国家
整体经济发展速度,从而使得我国产业一直处低端化的态,出口作为反映我
国产业技术水平的一个窗口,也因此一直无法出低端困。微观模型以需求层
次为切入点,首先分析了需求层次对消费行为影响,发现即使在重叠需求层次
区间,富国对高端品的花费比例更高,穷国则低端品更消费偏好。随后,在
此基础上分析了厂商对不同水平技术的选择,发现即使不在外部技术限制,厂
商仍更倾向于选择本土最适用技术,而非最先技术。结合上述两项发现,本文
得出结论:高人均收入国家生产并出口高质量品,低人收入国家生产并出口
低质量产品。由此可知,发展中国家的低量出口行为很能是有国内低层次需
求引导的,而非外部技术限制的结果,这就解了外部鼓政策和技术外溢为何
无法提升出口质量的问题。
在上述理论分析的基础上,本文先后利用最小二乘法和系统 GMM 估计法对上述
理论做实证分析。静态实证分析结果显示在加入了需求次变量后,虚拟变量
失去了统计显著性,表明一国的需求层次在很大程度上响到出口复杂度。为
进一步检验这种影响力的稳健性,本文又加入其他控制量进行考察,结果显
示,需求次对出口复杂度的影响依旧显,表明需求层变量对出口复杂度有
很好的解释力。动态实证分析结果显示,需求次变量的数均显著为正,表明
一国的需求层次越高,出口复杂度也越高该结论很好地合了理论模型结果。
此外,该 GMM 估计结果同时通过了 Arellano Bond 检验和 Sargan 检验,表明该实证
结论确实可信。
结合上述理论分析和实证结果可知,我国低质量出口在很大程度上是由于低层
次需求导致的,而需求层次的低端化主要由人收入增长度低于总体经济增长
速度导致的。故要提高我国的出口复杂度除鼓励创新外更重要的是促进我国
人均收入水平的提升,提高需求层次,出口结构才能有自主改善的经济驱动性。
关键词:需求层次 出口复杂度 影响机制 测算方法
ABSTRACT
During the past 30 years since reform and opening up, China has witnessed strong
growth in export quantity. However, China’s obvious disadvantages in high-tech
products and the low quality image of Made-in-China haven’t changed. Meanwhile,
with economic growth continuing, China’s human cost has always been rising in recent
years, as a result, multinational company factories has fled away from China. Therefore,
if China doesn’t change its low sophisticated strategy in export, its growth development
will be greatly weakened. Against this background, it’s very imperative to improve
export sophistication and the meaning of study on its factors and mechanism is
far-reaching.
This paper firstly concluds advantages and disadvantages of different calculation
methods of export sophistication. Based on improvements of methods of Xu Bin (2010),
this paper recalculated China’s export sophistication and made vertical and horizontal
comparisons, finding that China has no advantage over countries with the same
economic level and even a little disadvantage over the average level of the world.
Besides, this situation hasn’t been improved by China’s overall economic development.
Based on the above phenomenon, this paper then establishes macro and micro
economic models for systematic analysis. The macro-economic model shows that
industry upgrading depends on two factors: on the non-technical level, it depends
mainly on the rate between overall economic development and demand development of
high-sophisticated and low-sophisticated products; on the technical level, it depends on
the production efficiency rate between different departments. To be specific, when
economic grows faster than low-sophistication demand and slower than
high-sophistication demand, industry can successfully upgrade. When economic grows
slower than low-sophistication demand and faster than high-sophistication demand,
industry will be locked in low-sophistication production. When technology can be used
with higher efficiency in high-sophistication sector than in low-sophistication sector,
industry can upgrade, vice versa. As a result, if low-sophisticated demand grows faster
than overall economy, industry will downgrade, which can well account for the China’s
current situation-- with per capita GDP falling far behind the overall growth, China’s
export suffers from the low-sophistication for decades. Micro-economic model analyzes
the restriction of demand sophistication on customer preference and manufactures’
technology choices, finding that rich country spend more on sophisticated products and
poor country prefer low-quality products, even in the overlapped demand sophistication
area. Besides, manufactures prefer suitable technology over most sophisticated one,
even without technology restriction. By combining these two findings, we can conclude
that high-income-level country produce and export more sophisticated products, while
low-income-level country produce and export less sophisticated ones. This finding
implies that the low-sophisticated export probably result from the low-sophisticated
demand, which give full explanation to the failure of government policy and
skill-spillover for higher tech production.
Based on above theoretical analysis, this paper conducts empirical analysis with the
least-square method and GMM system estimation. The static empirical study shows that
with the variable of demand sophistication added, virtual variable became insignificant,
which implied that the variable of demand sophistication indeed has a great impact on
export sophistication. For further confirmation on this stable impact, this paper adds
other variables and found that this impact still remained significant. The dynamic
empirical study showed that all of the coefficients of variables are positive, implying a
highly positive correlation between demand sophistication and export sophistication,
which is consistent with the theoretical result. In addition, this result also passes
Arellano Bond test and Sargan test, which proves that the result is convincible.
From the above theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper concludes that China’s
low-quality export mainly results from low-sophisticated demand which is caused by
per capita income’s slower growth than the overall economic growth. Therefore, it’s
very important to improve domestic demand sophistication by promoting per capita
GDP, so that the export upgrading can be driven by economic motivation.
Keyword: demand sophistication, export sophistication, influence
mechanism, calculation method
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论 .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景与意义 ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 国内外文献综述 ................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 出口复杂度的测算 ................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 出口复杂度的影响因素 .......................................................................... 2
1.2.3 出口复杂度的经济效应 .......................................................................... 3
1.3 研究内容与方法 ................................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 本论文的研究内容 ................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 本论文的研究方法 .................................................................................. 4
1.4 本文创新点与不足之处 ..................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 创新之处 .................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 不足之处 .................................................................................................. 5
第二章 出口复杂度的测算方法 .................................................................................... 6
2.1 两种基本测算指标 ............................................................................................. 6
2.2“中国特例现象及其解读——基本测算指标存在的问题 ............................... 9
2.2.1 对“中国特例”的解读——中国区域异质性视角 .............................. 9
2.2.2 对“中国特例”的解读——产品质量视角 ......................................... 10
2.2.3 对“中国特例”的解读——加工贸易视角 ........................................ 10
2.3 对基本测算指标的改进 .................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 考虑区域异质性和产品内部质量 ......................................................... 11
2.3.2 剔除加工贸易中间品附加值 ................................................................ 12
2.3.3 以生产份额代替出口份额 ..................................................................... 13
2.3.4 出口复杂度的动态比较 ......................................................................... 13
2.4 最新测算指标——经济复杂度 ....................................................................... 15
2.5 存在的问题、研究难点与发展方向 ............................................................... 16
2.5.1 基本测算指标尚存在的问题 ................................................................ 16
2.5.2 经济复杂度指标存在的问题 ................................................................ 17
2.5.3 研究难点和发展方向 ............................................................................ 17
第三章 我国出口复杂度水平的测算 .......................................................................... 19
3.1 测度方法 .......................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1 横向比较方法 ........................................................................................ 19
3.1.2 纵向比较方法 ........................................................................................ 19
3.2 变量量化公式 ................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1 将中国的收入水平缩小为出口地区的收入水平 ................................ 19
3.2.2 剔除加工贸易 ........................................................................................ 20
3.2.3 对产品质量进行矫正 ............................................................................ 20
3.3 数据来源 ........................................................................................................... 20
3.4 测度结果 ........................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 横向比较结果——中国的出口复杂度仍处在发展中国家行列 ........ 20
3.4.2 纵向比较结果——中国出口复杂度仅为世界平均值的一半 ............. 22
第四章 宏观视角解析需求层次对出口复杂度的影响 .............................................. 26
4.1 “低端锁定的定义 ............................................................................................ 26
4.2 我国出口产业技术升级现状 ......................................................................... 26
4.2.1 生产技术角度——全要素生产率 ......................................................... 26
4.2.2 产出增值角度——贸易技术结构 ......................................................... 27
4.3 当前文献对出口产业“低端锁定”现象的解析 ........................................... 27
4.4 基础模型:需求层次对出口产业升级的影响——基于宏观角度 ............... 27
4.4.1 从非技术层面判定
变动趋势及动因 .................................. 29
4.4.2 从技术层面考察
之间的关系及其影响因素 ...................... 31
4.5 对模型结果的总结与分析 ............................................................................... 31
第五章 微观视角解析需求层次对出口复杂度的影响 .............................................. 33
5.1 需求角度——需求层次对消费偏好的影响 ................................................... 33
5.2 生产角度——消费者行为偏好对厂商技术选择的影响 .............................. 35
5.3 需求层次对出口复杂度的微观影响机制 ...................................................... 37
5.4 对模型的总结与分析 ....................................................................................... 38
第六章 实证分析需求层次对出口复杂度的影响 ...................................................... 39
6.1 计量模型与数据说明 ....................................................................................... 39
6.1.1 计量模型设定 ......................................................................................... 39
6.1.2 变量量化公式 ......................................................................................... 39
6.1.3 计量方法 ................................................................................................ 40
6.1.4 数据说明 ................................................................................................ 42
6.2 计量结果分析 .................................................................................................. 42
6.2.1 静态面板混合估计结果 ......................................................................... 42
摘要:

摘要改革开放三十年来,我国出口量实现了井喷式增长,但在众多高科技出口领域我国并不占优势,且“中国制造”的低端形象依旧没有得到改变。政府在扶持企业创新方面推出了很多优惠政策,但低端出口的现象仍没有得到很大转变。与此同时,随着中国经济发展,人力成本不断上升,众多跨国公司纷纷将工厂搬离中国。中国出口若不能改变低端制造的发展路径,其后续发展潜力将被严重削弱。在此背景下,提高我国的出口复杂度尤为迫切,对出口复杂度影响因素及其影响机制的研究具有深远的现实意义。本文首先总结了出口复杂度的测算方法及其最新发展,在比较了各种方法的优劣后,本文综合应用了XuBin(2010)和丁小义(2013)的改进方法,重新测...

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作者:侯斌 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:69 页 大小:684.71KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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