铁基非晶粉在处理偶氮染料废水中的应用研究

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3.0 侯斌 2024-11-19 4 4 2.7MB 58 页 15积分
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偶氮染料废水成分复杂,色度高、可生化性差,直接排放会对环境造成严重
的污染。偶氮染料的某些降解产物,如联苯胺等会致癌、致畸变。本文选择以直
接蓝 2B 作为模拟染料废水对象,因为其化学结构中含有两个偶氮基团。零价铁还
原法是作为一种污水预处理方法,具有反应高效,简单易行、环境友好的特点。
近年,铁基非晶合金作为非晶态的零价铁,降解偶氮废水的速率更快,比晶态材
料反应活性更高,成为研究的热点。本文利用铁基非晶合金粉作为还原剂,研究
其在处理偶氮染料废水中的应用。
本论文包含以下两个章节:
(1) 利用单辊甩带法制备 Fe78Si9B13 非晶条带,并用球磨法将条带破碎,制得
铁基 Fe78Si9B13 非晶合金粉,用筛网将非晶粉分为 160μm80μm30μm 三种规格。
利用紫外可见分光光度计分析了非晶粉降解直接蓝 2B 的性能,结果表明在 60℃、
静止条件下非晶可以在 30 min 内完全降解直接蓝 2B,气相色谱/质谱联用分析显
示直接蓝 2B 降解产物中含有联苯胺。对比了不同粒度粉末降解效果,结果显示随
着粒度变小,非晶粉降解速率变高。比较了非晶合金粉、晶态合金粉、铁粉降解
偶氮染料的效果,结果显示 Fe78Si9B13 非晶粉降解速率最快,非晶粉的吸附作用是
降解机理中的一个重要因素。利用场发射扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、比表面
积分析等研究反应前后的粉末状态,结果表明非晶粉在酸性的偶氮染料中易生成
多孔结构,导致比表面积大大增加,吸附偶氮能力大大增强。25-55℃下的非晶
粉降解偶氮染料实验表明,非晶粉降解直接蓝 2B 的活化能
E=59.5 kJ/mol
(2) 利用亥姆霍兹线圈外加磁场,研究了不同磁场对 Fe78Si9B13 非晶粉对偶氮
染料脱色性能的影响。系统研究非晶粉投加量、初始偶氮染料浓度、溶液 pH 等各
因素对弱磁场下非晶合金的偶氮染料降解性能的影响。结果表明,弱磁场的存在
促进了脱色速率的提高:在一定范围内,随着磁场强度增加,脱色速率增大,H=50
Oe 时速率最大,洛仑兹力 FL促进了电解质的对流;随着非晶粉投加量的增加,弱
磁场对脱色速率促进作用稍稍增大后变平稳,最大脱色速率是无磁场时的 1.9 倍;
随着初始偶氮染料浓度增加,促进作用逐渐减弱;在酸性条件下弱磁场对偶氮脱
色速率的促进作用比在碱性条件下的强。通过扫描电镜发现非晶粉在弱磁场下腐
蚀程度更大且集中在粉末的边缘,说明磁场下非晶粉的感生磁场存在梯度力 FB
在梯度力作用下顺磁性的 Fe 离子被吸引到磁场强度更大的边缘区域,加速了非晶
粉的腐蚀。28-55℃下比较有、无外加磁场时非晶粉降解直接蓝 2B 的反应活化
能,结果表明外加磁场的存在使得反应活化能降低。
关键词:铁基非晶合金 偶氮染料 降解 弱磁场
ABSTRACT
The azo dye wastewaters are characterized by intricacy of component, high of
concentration, deficit of biochemistry, so directly discharge of them will cause serious
pollution to the environment. Some of the degradation products, e.g., Benzidine, are
carcinogenic and mutagenic. Azo dye Direct Blue 2B (DB2B) was used as the object of
the research since it contains two azo bond in its chemical structure. Zero-valent iron is
a promising pre-treatment method of wastewaters for its effectiveness, simplicity of
operation and environmental friendliness. In recent years, Fe-based metallic glass (MG)
as a kind of amorphous zero-valent iron are becoming a research focus, for it is more
effective in azo dye degradation and more active than its crystalline counterpart. In this
research, we use Fe-based metallic glass powders as reducing agent to investigate the
application in azo dye degradation.
The body of this thesis consists of two chapters as follows:
(1) Fe78Si9B13 glassy ribbons were prepared through single roller melt-spinning
technique. Fe78Si9B13 metallic glass powders were made by ball-milling the glassy
ribbons and categorized by selecting powders through sieves into 160 μm, 80 μm and 30
μm 3 kinds of particle sizes. Though the analysis of UV-vis, we tested the capability in
degrading azo dye for MG powders. It was shown that in static conditions the azo dye
DB2B was completely decomposed within 30 min when T=60. We compare the azo
dye degradation efficiency using those 3 kinds of MG powders with different particle
sizes. The results showed that with decreasing particle sizes, the degradation rate
increased. We also compare the azo dye degradation rate using MG powders, its
crystalline counterpartCA(Crystalline Alloy) powders, and Iron powders with
average particle size of 10 μm. MG powders have the fastest efficiency, because its
adsorption capability plays an important role in the degradation mechanism. By the
analysis of SEM, XPS, BET, ICP-AES and N/O element testing, it was found that MG
powders were prone to form a porous structure in acidic azo dye solution, which
resulted in the increase of the surface area, and as a result the absorption property of the
MG for azo dye was enhance tremendously. With the degradation experiments under
25-55 , the activation energy
E for MG powders was calculated to be 59.5 kJ/mol.
(2) By using Helmholtz coils, we applied different external magnetic field in the
degradation process to investigate the impact of magnetic field (WMF) on the azo dye
degradation with Fe78Si9B13 MG powders. The factors influencing the MGs efficiency
in azo dye degradation under WMF, e.g., the MG dosage, the initial azo dye
concentration, the pH of the dye solution were looked into systematically. The results
showed that with the present of WMF, the decolorization rate of azo dye were increased:
in certain ranges, with the increase of magnetic field, the decolorization rate was
increased. At H=50 Oe the rate was the fastest, the Lorentz force FL enhances the
macroscopic convection of the electrolyte. With the increase of MG dosage, the positive
impact of the WMF on the decolorization rate was first improved and then stabilized.
The fastest decolorization rate was 1.9 times of that of the rate without WFM. With the
increase of the initial azo dye concentration, the positive impact of the WMF was
weakened gradually. In acidic conditions the WFM has a more positive impact than it
has in basic conditions. By SEM we found that the rim region of the MG powders were
corroded more severely, indicating that the WMF introduces gradient force FB that pulls
the Fe ions to the rim region, accelerating the corrosion. Through comparison between
the activation energies of MGs reactions with DB2B both under WFM and not under
WFM in temperatures between 28-55, we found that the presence of WFM decreased
the activation energy.
Key Word: Fe-based metallic glass, azo dye, degradation, weak
magnetic field
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 偶氮染料简介 ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 偶氮染料的危害 ................................................................................................... 1
1.3 偶氮染料废水处理技术 ...................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 物理法 ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 生物法 ............................................................................................................ 2
1.3.3 化学法 ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 铁基非晶合金简介 ............................................................................................... 5
1.5 铁基非晶合金在污水处理中的应用进展 .......................................................... 6
1.6 磁场在废水处理中的应用 .................................................................................. 8
1.7 课题的提出 ........................................................................................................... 8
1.7.1 课题意义 ........................................................................................................ 8
1.7.2 研究内容 ........................................................................................................ 9
第二章 实验部分 .......................................................................................................... 10
2.1 实验原料 ............................................................................................................. 10
2.2 实验设备 ............................................................................................................. 10
2.3 铁基非晶粉的制备 ............................................................................................ 10
2.4 性能表征及测试方法 ......................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 微结构表征 .................................................................................................. 11
2.4.2 性能表征 ...................................................................................................... 12
2.4.3 降解偶氮染料废水性能测试 ...................................................................... 12
第三章 铁基非晶粉降解偶氮染料废水性能研究 ...................................................... 14
3.1 引言 .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 实验方法 ............................................................................................................ 14
3.3 结果与讨论 ........................................................................................................ 15
3.3.1 Fe78Si9B13 非晶粉对偶氮染料的脱色效应 ................................................. 15
3.3.2 粒度对降解偶氮染料性能的影响 .............................................................. 17
3.3.3 材料微结构对降解偶氮染料性能的影响 ................................................. 20
3.3.4 温度对非晶粉降解偶氮染料效率的影响 ................................................. 30
3.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................................. 32
第四章 弱磁场对铁基非晶合金粉降解偶氮染料废水性能影响研究 ...................... 33
4.1 引言 .................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 实验方法 ............................................................................................................ 33
4.3 实验结果 ............................................................................................................ 34
4.3.1 不同磁场下偶氮染料脱色效果 .................................................................. 34
4.3.2 不同粉末投加量下的脱色效果 .................................................................. 36
4.3.2 不同偶氮染料初始浓度下的脱色效果 ...................................................... 37
4.3.3 不同 pH 值下的脱色效果 ............................................................................ 38
4.3.4 磁场影响非晶粉偶氮染料脱色反应机制讨论 ......................................... 40
4.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................................. 43
第五章 结论与展望 ...................................................................................................... 45
5.1 课题结论 ............................................................................................................. 45
5.2 课题展望 ............................................................................................................. 46
参考文献 ........................................................................................................................ 47
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ............................................ 54
............................................................................................................................ 55
第一章
1
第一章
1.1 偶氮染料简介
人类有悠久的使用染料的历史,早在 4000 年前人类就已经使用草和木的液汁
进行染色。染料分为天然染料和合成染料。天然染料,如靛蓝(indigo)等,曾经主
宰染料工业市场。直到 1856 年,合成染料才开始商业化。染料主要的应用领域是
各种纤维的着色,同时也广泛地应用于塑料、橡胶、油墨、皮革、食品、造纸等
工业[1]
1856 年英国化学家 Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料苯胺紫以来,合成
染料工业已经走过了 160年的发展历史。目前,人工合成染料的品种已经超过 30000
种。在我国,染料的年产量达到 89.5 万吨,占世界染料总产量的 60%左右[2]。人
工合成的染料品种繁多且一般均含有较复杂的化学结构,这给染料的具体分类造
成一定困难。目前对染料的主要分类方法有两种,即按化学结构分类和按应用方
法分类。根据化学结构可分为偶氮染料、蒽醌染料、芳甲烷染料、靛蓝染料、硝
基染料、亚硝基染料、稠环酮类染料和硫化染料等。按应用方法,可分为直接染
料、还原染料、氧化染料、分散染料、硫化染料、酸性染料、碱性染料、中性染
料、活性染料、媒介染料等。偶氮染料、蒽醌染料、芳甲烷染料是使用最广泛的
三类染料。其中,偶氮染料又是其中用量最大的一种,约占全部染料的 70%[3],包
括酸性染料、分散染料、活性染料等等。
偶氮染料(azo dye)是一种分子中有偶氮键(-N=N-)的染料,根据其所含偶氮键
的数量可分为单偶氮染料、双偶氮染料和多偶氮染料。含偶氮染料废水化学需氧
(COD)高、色度高、可生化性差,处理难度大。大多数偶氮染料的合成方法为:
芳香胺经重氮化后于芳香胺、酚类、具有活性的亚甲基化合物耦合而成。由于含
偶氮染料废水具有成分复杂,化学性质稳定(偶氮和苯环的 π-π共轭结构)等特点,
是公认的难治理的高浓度废水之一。
1.2 偶氮染料的危害
据报道,在生产过程中 15% 左右的染料未经处理随工业废水被直接排放到环
境中去[4]2014 9发生在腾格里沙漠的偷排污水事件甘肃武威荣华工贸公
司私设暗管向沙漠排污,累计排放污水 271654 吨,污染面积 266 影响极其恶
劣,在舆论中引起轩然大波,导致我国的染料化工及下游产业链的发展受到阻碍。
而染料化工行业是 2014 年少数盈利水平较好的化工细分行业。近些年来,有关芳
摘要:

摘要偶氮染料废水成分复杂,色度高、可生化性差,直接排放会对环境造成严重的污染。偶氮染料的某些降解产物,如联苯胺等会致癌、致畸变。本文选择以直接蓝2B作为模拟染料废水对象,因为其化学结构中含有两个偶氮基团。零价铁还原法是作为一种污水预处理方法,具有反应高效,简单易行、环境友好的特点。近年,铁基非晶合金作为非晶态的零价铁,降解偶氮废水的速率更快,比晶态材料反应活性更高,成为研究的热点。本文利用铁基非晶合金粉作为还原剂,研究其在处理偶氮染料废水中的应用。本论文包含以下两个章节:(1)利用单辊甩带法制备Fe78Si9B13非晶条带,并用球磨法将条带破碎,制得铁基Fe78Si9B13非晶合金粉,用筛网将...

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作者:侯斌 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:58 页 大小:2.7MB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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