基于荷载试验的桥梁结构检测和安全性评估

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摘要

近年来，我国公路交通建设随着国民经济的高速发展规模日益扩大，道路桥

梁建设也取得了举世瞩目的成就。特别是拱式组合桥梁中诸如钢管混凝土拱桥、

钢桁架系杆拱桥等桥型在我国取得了广泛的应用和发展。但与此同时，国内针对

此类桥梁检测与评估方面的研究与国外发达国家相比尚处于初级阶段，许多理论

方法和工程经验还需要进一步在工程实践中进行论证和探索。桥梁荷载试验作为

一种重要的安全检测手段，可以对桥梁的结构设计与施工质量是否达到预期目的

做出科学的评估，可以验证桥梁的结构设计理论和计算方法是否合理，可以了解

桥梁的实际承载能力以及工作性能，为桥梁的正常运行、养护管理和加固改造提

供科学依据。

本文以金华市双龙大桥为工程背景，通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场荷载试

验相结合的方法，研究了在静力荷载、动力荷载作用下桥梁结构参数的变化情况；

通过对试验结果的比较分析，从而对桥梁的安全性做出评估，为桥梁的竣工验收、

安全运营和维修养护提供了科学的数据资料。本文主要做了以下几方面的工作：

（1）通过理论分析和有限元软件 Midas/Civil 进行数值模拟，确定了桥梁现场

静载试验的各加载工况、主控制截面和截面中各测点的空间位置，通过对拱肋变

形和应力验算，来综合评估桥梁的刚度。

（2）通过桥梁静力荷载试验，测得桥梁结构在各工况荷载作用下各控制截面

的应力、挠度或位移值，以验证大桥是否符合设计和规范要求。

（3）通过桥梁动力荷载试验来综合了解结构自身的动力特性以及结构抵抗受

迫振动和突发荷载作用的能力，以判断结构的实际工作状态和实际承载能力。

（4）综合评价桥梁的安全性能得出的结论，为今后类似桥梁的检测与评估工

作提供一定的借鉴意义。

关键词：桥梁检测安全性评估荷载试验有限元

ABSTRACT

In recent years, along with the high-speed development of national economy and

the growing scale of infrastructure development of highway in our country, bridge

engineering construction has made remarkable achievements, especially in the

composite arch bridge such as concrete filled steel tube arch bridge, steel trussed bridge

which obtained a wide range of application and development in our country. However,

at the meantime, domestic study in aspects of detection and evaluation of this kind of

bridge is still in the primary stage comparing with developed countries abroad and many

theories and engineering experiences need further argumentation and exploration in

engineering practice. As bridge load test is an important method of safety assessment, it

can evaluate scientifically if structural design and construction quality of the bridge

reach the purpose intended; it can validate if the structural design theory and calculation

method of the bridge are reasonable and can understand the bearing capacity of the

bridge and the working performance so that provides scientific basis for normal

operation, maintenance management and reinforcement for bridges.

This paper was based on taking Shuanglong Bridge in Jinhua City as the

engineering background, studying changes in structural parameters of the bridge under

static load and dynamic load using the combination of theoretical analysis, numerical

simulation and field loading tests methods; by comparing and analysing the test results,

evaluated the safety of the bridge and therefore provided scientific data for the final

acceptance, safe operation and maintenance of the bridge. The following aspects were

mainly done in this paper:

(1)Numerical simulation was carried out by theoretical analysis and finite element

software-Midas/Civil which determined the positions of each measuring point under

each loading condition, in main control section and the section in the static load test on

bridge site and the arch rib deformation and stress check evaluated bridge stiffness

comprehensively.

(2)Stress, deflection and displacement in each control section under each loading

condition of the bridge structure were measured by bridge static load test to verify if the

bridge meets the design requirements and codes.

(3)Comprehensive understanding of structure dynamic characteristics and abilities

to resist forced vibration and sudden load was obtained by bridge dynamic load test to

judge the actual working condition and bearing capacity of the structure.

(4)Comprehensive evaluation of the results of safety performance of the bridge

provided certain reference for analogous work as bridge detection and assessment in the

future.

Keywords: bridge detection safety assessment load test finite

element

摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 引言 .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 拱式组合桥梁概述 .................................................................................................. 1

1.3 桥梁结构检测与安全性评估的意义 ...................................................................... 3

1.4 国内外桥梁检测技术的研究现状 .......................................................................... 5

1.5 桥梁检测评估方法 .................................................................................................. 6

1.5.1 设计理论法 ....................................................................................................... 6

1.5.2 综合评估法 ....................................................................................................... 7

1.5.3 荷载试验法 ....................................................................................................... 8

1.6 本文研究主要内容 .................................................................................................. 9

第二章荷载试验的理论方法研究 ............................................................................... 10

2.1 静载试验 ................................................................................................................ 11

2.1.1 静载试验的程序 ............................................................................................. 12

2.1.2 静载试验的基本原则 ..................................................................................... 12

2.1.3 荷载工况的选择 ............................................................................................. 13

2.1.4 测点的布置 ..................................................................................................... 13

2.1.5 试验荷载等级的确定 ..................................................................................... 13

2.1.6 加载设备及测试仪器的选择 ......................................................................... 14

2.2 动载试验 ................................................................................................................ 15

2.2.1 桥梁动载试验的基本任务 ............................................................................. 15

2.2.2 动载试验激振方法的选择 ............................................................................. 15

2.2.3 固有频率及冲击系数的测定 ......................................................................... 16

2.2.4 动力特性试验数据分析 ................................................................................. 17

第三章双龙大桥现有状况的检测与评定 ................................................................... 19

3.1 工程概况 ................................................................................................................ 19

3.2 桥梁构件编号规则 ................................................................................................ 19

3.3 检测内容 ................................................................................................................ 20

3.4 病害检查与技术状况评定 .................................................................................... 21

3.4.1 桥面系检查 ..................................................................................................... 21

3.4.2 拱肋和横向联系病害检查 ............................................................................. 21

3.4.3 吊杆体系的检查 ............................................................................................. 22

3.4.4 吊杆横梁及立柱盖梁的检查 ......................................................................... 24

3.4.5 基础及河床冲刷检查 ..................................................................................... 24

3.4.6 桥梁技术状况评定 ......................................................................................... 25

3.5 专项检测 ................................................................................................................ 27

3.5.1 桥面几何线性测量 ......................................................................................... 27

3.5.2 混凝土强度和碳化深度的检测 ..................................................................... 29

3.5.3 拱肋三维线形测量 ......................................................................................... 30

3.5.4 吊杆索力的测试 ............................................................................................. 32

第四章桥梁静载试验研究及有限元分析 ................................................................... 36

4.1 有限元软件介绍及结构模型建立 ........................................................................ 36

4.1.1 有限元软件介绍 ............................................................................................. 36

4.1.2 结构模型建立 ................................................................................................. 36

4.1.3 结构检算结果 ................................................................................................. 37

4.2 静载试验 ................................................................................................................ 41

4.2.1 结构内力计算 ................................................................................................. 41

4.2.2 静力试验荷载效率确定原则 ......................................................................... 41

4.2.3 静力荷载工况 ................................................................................................. 42

4.2.4 静载试验观测方案 ......................................................................................... 43

4.2.5 静载试验测试结果及分析 ............................................................................. 43

第五章桥梁动载试验分析研究 ................................................................................... 48

5.1 脉动试验 ................................................................................................................ 48

5.2 跑车试验 ................................................................................................................ 49

5.3 跳车试验 ................................................................................................................ 52

第六章结论及展望 ....................................................................................................... 54

6.1 结论 ........................................................................................................................ 54

6.2 展望 ........................................................................................................................ 56

参考文献 ......................................................................................................................... 57

攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文及科研成果 ................................................................. 62

致谢 ................................................................................................................................. 63

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摘要：

摘要近年来，我国公路交通建设随着国民经济的高速发展规模日益扩大，道路桥梁建设也取得了举世瞩目的成就。特别是拱式组合桥梁中诸如钢管混凝土拱桥、钢桁架系杆拱桥等桥型在我国取得了广泛的应用和发展。但与此同时，国内针对此类桥梁检测与评估方面的研究与国外发达国家相比尚处于初级阶段，许多理论方法和工程经验还需要进一步在工程实践中进行论证和探索。桥梁荷载试验作为一种重要的安全检测手段，可以对桥梁的结构设计与施工质量是否达到预期目的做出科学的评估，可以验证桥梁的结构设计理论和计算方法是否合理，可以了解桥梁的实际承载能力以及工作性能，为桥梁的正常运行、养护管理和加固改造提供科学依据。本文以金华市双龙大桥为工程背...

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