城镇化进程中的农民工养老保险制度研究

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摘要

农民工是改革开放后出现的一个特殊社会群体。尽管农民工的内部结构比较

复杂，不同的农民工在不同的时期有着不同的社会诉求，但他们对于养老的诉求

是一致的。农民工问题已绝不仅仅是农民工群体的问题，更是与中国工业化、城

市化和现代化密切相关的重要社会问题，也是中国现阶段必须正视的经济问题和

政治问题。农民工问题是联结中国城乡之间的社会、经济、文化并使之由分割、

分治真正走向城乡统筹于一体发展的特殊纽带，是一个涉及 5亿以上人口切身利

益的重大综合问题。解决好农民工的养老问题意味着解决了中国工业化、城镇化、

现代化进程中的关键问题。但是，受制于城乡二元经济结构以及养老保险体系的

城乡分割，农民工难以真正融入城市社会。符合农民工特征的养老保险制度的建

立，不仅能够提升农民工的城镇化的需求与能力，同时能够使得解除了后顾之忧

的农民工转化为新的消费者，进而促进经济的良性循环，加速中国城镇化发展的

进程。

对于农民工养老保险制度的模式选择上尚存在较大的争议，目前主要分为三

种思路：一是将农民工直接纳入到城镇养老保险体系中；二是将农民工纳入到农

村养老保险体系中；三是建立符合农民工特征的弹性养老保险制度。本文通过萨

缪尔森的两期迭代模型，把农民工引入到福利经济学的大框架下做进一歩的论证。

首先分别通过两期迭代模型分析了将那农民工纳入到城镇养老保险体系和建立独

立的农民工弹性养老保险的合理性问题。通过经济学的理论分析来说明结合农民

工的特点构建农民工弹性养老保险制度的必要性和可行性。其次提出了农民工弹

性养老保险制度的具体设计，并且分析了农民工独立养老保险制度与其他制度的

衔接问题和所设计制度的保障水平问题。

通过模型的建立和分析发现：基于动态约束的农民工弹性养老保险制度的建

立，使社会效用在激励性的养老保险政策下达到最大化成为了可能，建立农民工

弹性养老保险符合当前的国情。文章对农民工弹性养老保险制度做了省级统筹和

“3+1”模式的设计，通过对保障水平的测算发现弹性养老保险的设计具有现实性

和可操作性。最后提出了建立农民工弹性养老保险制度的宏微观政策建议，宏观

上从制度改革层面和政府责任层面两方面来建议；微观上主要从五个方面来阐述

如何在当前城镇化进程中建立符合我国农民工特征的弹性养老保险制度。

关键词：城镇化农民工养老保险制度研究

ABSTRACT

Migrant workers are a special social group after the reform and opening up.

Although the internal structure of migrant workers is more complex,different migrant

workers in different times have different social demands,but they are consistent with the

demands of the pension. The problem of migrant workers is not only the problem of

migrant workers,but also closely related with China’s industrialization,urbanization and

modernization of the important social problems,it is also China must face the economic

and political problems at present. Problem of migrant workers is a link between China’s

urban and rural society,economy,culture and make it by segmentation,partition to the

development of urban and rural ares as a whole,which integrates real special bond,is a

major comprehensive problems involving more than 500 million people vital interests.

To solve the migrant workers pension problem means to solve the key problems in the

process of the industrialization,urbanization and modernization of China.

However,subject to the urban-rural dual economic structures as well as the urban-rural

split pension system,it is difficult to really integrate into urban society for migrant

workers. The establishment of the pension system in line with the characteristics of

migrant workers,not only improve the demands of urbanization and capacity of the

migrant workers,at the same time to remove the trouble back of migrant workers into

the new consumers,and promote the virtuous circle of economy,accelerating the

urbanization process in China.

For the mode selection of endowment insurance system of migrant workers in

larger controversy,it mainly divided into three ideas:first, to conclude the migrant

workers directly into the urban pension insurance system;second,to include rural

workers in rural endowment insurance system;third,to establish a flexible pension

insurance system in line with the characteristics of migrant workers.In this paper,

two-stage iterative Samuelson model, introduce the migrant workers to do under the

framework of welfare economics into a step. Firstly, through the first two phases of the

iterative model that analyzes the migrant workers into urban pension insurance system

and the establishment of an independent rationality elasticity of migrant workers

pension insurance. Through the theoretical analysis of economic,according to the

characteristics of the migrant workers, to explain the establishment of the necessity and

feasibility of elasticity of rural migrant workers endowment insurance system. Secondly,

proposed the specific design of flexibility migrant workers pension insurance

system,and analyzes the security level interface between migrant workers and the

pension insurance system independent of other systems and the design og the system

problems.

Through the model establishment and analysis found that: based on dynamic

constraints of the establishment of the flexibility of rural migrant workers endowment

insurance system,the social utility under the incentive of the endowment insurance

policy to maximize became possible,to establish elastic endowment insurance of

migrant workers in line with current conditions. Article for peasant workers’ endowment

insurance system has made the provincial plan as a whole and the design of the

“3+1”model,through the measure of security levels,found that flexibility in the design of

the endowment insurance of feasibility and operability. Finally, the establishment of

migrant workers pension insurance system flexibility macro and micro policy

recommendations,from a macro-level reforms and both levels of government

responsibility to recommend;microscopic mainly from five aspects to explain how the

pension system in line with the establishment of the elastic characteristics of China’s

migrant workers currently in the process of urbanization.

Keywords: Urbanization, Migrant workers, Endowment insurance,

The research of system

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论..................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 研究背景及意义................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1 研究背景.................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 研究意义.................................................................................................. 2

1.2 文献综述及评述................................................................................................. 2

1.2.1 国外研究.................................................................................................. 3

1.2.2 国内研究.................................................................................................. 4

1.2.3 研究评述.................................................................................................. 8

1.3 研究方法及内容................................................................................................. 8

1.4 本文的创新....................................................................................................... 10

第二章相关概念和理论概述....................................................................................... 11

2.1 概念界定........................................................................................................... 11

2.1.1 农民工概念及特征................................................................................ 11

2.1.2 城镇化的概念........................................................................................ 14

2.1.3 我国农民工的城镇化需求.................................................................... 15

2.2 农民工养老保险的理论依据........................................................................... 17

2.2.1 社会保险理论........................................................................................ 17

2.2.2 消费理论................................................................................................ 17

2.2.3 效率理论................................................................................................ 18

2.2.4 多支柱理论............................................................................................ 19

2.3 养老保险制度的经营模式............................................................................... 20

2.3.1 DB 型、DC 型和混合型养老保险制度................................................. 20

2.3.2 现收现付制、完全基金制以及部分积累制........................................ 21

2.3.3 现收现付制与完全基金制的运行机理................................................ 22

第三章国际社会“农民工”养老保险的经验启示................................................... 24

3.1 国外“农民工”养老保险制度....................................................................... 24

3.1.1 德国........................................................................................................ 24

3.1.2 美国........................................................................................................ 24

3.1.3 英国........................................................................................................ 25

3.1.4 日本........................................................................................................ 25

3.2 国际社会农村转移劳动力的养老保险制度借鉴........................................... 26

3.2.1 中国农村劳动力转移的特殊背景........................................................ 26

3.2.2 建立农民工养老保险制度的借鉴........................................................ 26

3.3 我国农民工养老保险制度的发展变迁........................................................... 27

3.3.1 中央政府关于农民工养老保险的政策演变........................................ 27

3.3.2 地方政府关于农民工养老保险的政策比较........................................ 28

第四章农民工养老保险路径的经济学分析............................................................... 32

4.1 纳入农村养老保险的分析............................................................................... 32

4.2 纳入城镇养老保险的分析............................................................................... 33

4.2.1 问题的提出............................................................................................ 33

4.2.2 前提假设................................................................................................ 33

4.2.3 非均衡模型的经济学分析.................................................................... 34

4.3 建立农民工弹性养老保险的分析................................................................... 37

4.3.1 前提假设................................................................................................ 37

4.3.2 均衡路径设计........................................................................................ 38

4.4 结论分析........................................................................................................... 41

第五章农民工弹性养老保险的制度设计................................................................... 43

5.1 建立农民工弹性养老保险制度的依据和优势............................................... 43

5.1.1 建立依据................................................................................................ 43

5.1.2 优势分析................................................................................................ 44

5.2 制度设计........................................................................................................... 44

5.2.1 建立农民工养老保险个人账户............................................................ 44

5.2.2 个人账户制度与其他养老保险制度的对接........................................ 47

5.3 农民工个人账户基金运行管理的模式设计................................................... 48

5.3.1 运行管理“3+1”模式.......................................................................... 48

5.3.2 实行省级统一管理................................................................................ 48

5.3.3 运行管理的流程设计............................................................................ 49

5.4 农民工养老保险制度的对接与保障水平比较............................................... 50

5.4.1 同一地区累计缴费................................................................................ 51

5.4.2 跨统筹区域累计缴费............................................................................ 53

第六章促进城镇化进程中农民工弹性养老保险制度建设的政策建议................... 56

6.1 宏观政策建议................................................................................................... 56

6.1.1 制度改革层面........................................................................................ 56

6.1.2 政府责任层面........................................................................................ 57

6.1.3 多元化保障层面.................................................................................... 59

6.2 微观政策建议................................................................................................... 61

第七章结语................................................................................................................... 62

7.1 本文结论........................................................................................................... 62

7.2 研究展望........................................................................................................... 63

参考文献......................................................................................................................... 64

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果............................................. 67

致谢............................................................................................................................... 68

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摘要：

摘要农民工是改革开放后出现的一个特殊社会群体。尽管农民工的内部结构比较复杂，不同的农民工在不同的时期有着不同的社会诉求，但他们对于养老的诉求是一致的。农民工问题已绝不仅仅是农民工群体的问题，更是与中国工业化、城市化和现代化密切相关的重要社会问题，也是中国现阶段必须正视的经济问题和政治问题。农民工问题是联结中国城乡之间的社会、经济、文化并使之由分割、分治真正走向城乡统筹于一体发展的特殊纽带，是一个涉及5亿以上人口切身利益的重大综合问题。解决好农民工的养老问题意味着解决了中国工业化、城镇化、现代化进程中的关键问题。但是，受制于城乡二元经济结构以及养老保险体系的城乡分割，农民工难以真正融入城市社会。...

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