我国小额贷款系统运行模式的构建研究

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3.0 陈辉 2024-11-19 4 4 831.62KB 81 页 15积分
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摘 要
近年来,随着金融业市场竞争加剧,商业资本开始着眼于对小额贷款领域的
投资,小额贷款2500亿美元广阔市场的诱惑,使得美国红杉基金、渣打、花旗和
汇丰银行纷纷将小额贷款业务列入主流业务发展计划。对此,《时代》杂志有个
很好的评论“西装客开始追逐穷人了”。小额贷款因其具有经济效益和社会效
并重的“ 双重底线” 而成为极具吸引力的投资领域。
然而,席卷全球的美国次级贷款危机,让我们认识到 “次级”潜在的巨大风
险,反观小额贷款,其与次级贷款有着很多相似之处:借款人大多是没有严格收入
证明,缺乏贷款抵押,贷款主要靠信用方式的贫困或中低收入人群,贷款的利息
普遍较高,整贷零还等等。 因此次级贷款面临的问题,小额贷款同样面临。
长期来,我国小额贷款发展模式“机构不足建机构,补贴不足加补贴,监管
不足改监管”,完整有效的小额贷款体系规划尚未设计出来,仍处于探索阶段。
小额贷款需求分散,单笔额度小,交易成本高,运营风险大、公益性和商业性存
在严重冲突,使得我国商业银行参与积极性并不高,非政府组织和小额贷款公司
缺乏正式的金融地位;各试点小额贷款机构内部运营机制设计缺陷及资金短缺,
使得目前我国小额贷款机构普遍缺乏可持续性。基于以上种种问题,分析研究
前我国小额贷款运行现状及存在问题,在借鉴国际小额贷款运行模式的基础上,
构建我国小额贷款系统运行模式显得尤为重要。
本文分析了小额贷款运行的特点和存在问题,提出了针对小额贷款特点的风
险识别、评价方法,并且针对主要的逆向选择、道德风险,设计了相应的风险规
避机制。本文主要研究的内容如下:
首先,对小额贷款进行界定,归纳总结出小额贷款所具有的区别与传统信贷
的特征。同时,深入分析目前我国小额贷款(宏观、中观、微观层面)运行存在
的问题。
其次,分别从治理结构、贷款的发放与偿还机制、抵押担保机制、利率机制
等方面分析国际典型小额贷款运行模式,找出适合我国国情的可以借鉴的经验,
及其本身存在的局限性,为第四、五章构建我国小额贷款提供构建依据。
最后,从我国国情出发,根据小额贷款运行特点,分别从宏观(政策层面)
中观(监管层面),微观(小额贷款机构运行层面)三个角度构建了我国小额贷
款运行体系。利用博弈论模型分析了在实际业务中信用风险对小额借贷双方收
的影响,指出不同于传统借贷风险,信用风险是小额贷款面临的主要风险之一。
因此,重点针对小额贷款的信用风险控制建立了相应的信用评分模型,分析并构
建了微观机构的运行机制,最后针对小额贷款风险的特点提出控制建议。
关键词:小额贷款 可持续性 风险控制 运行模式
ABSTRACT
In recent years, with the increasing competition in the financial industry, the
commercial capital started to invest in the field of micro-credit business .Micro-loans
has a 250 billion U.S. dollars broad market, which makes the United States Sequoia
Fund, Standard Chartered, Citigroup and HSBC have took the small loans as a central
business. In this regard, "Time" has a very good comment "the suit began to chase the
poor." Because of its economic and social benefits, the small loans become an attractive
investment area.
However, American sub-prime mortgage crisis let us recognize that there is great
risk of "sub-prime". In face, micro-loans and subprime loans have many similarities:
most of the lenders have no formal proof of income, lack of mortgage, mainly are poor
or low-income groups, interest on loans is relatively high.Therefore, small loans face
the similar problems with subprime loans.
For a long time, we have not yet devised a complete and effective micro-credit
system and are still at an exploratory stage. The small loans have stronger dispersion,
smaller amount, higher transaction costs, great operational risks, serious conflicts in
Nonprofit and Commercial.For the above reasons, China's state-owned commercial
banks are reluctant to participate in this business.There are some problems with the
micro-credit institutions in operating mechanism and funding.Most of China's MFIs are
lack of Sustainability.
The main content of this article is as follows:
First of all, we introduce the definition of small-loans, which is different with the
traditional credit. Then, we deply analysis the existing problems of the micro-credit
current in China (macro, meso and micro levels).
Secondly, respectively, analyze several typical international micro-credit operation
modes, from the governance structure, and repayment of loans for the mechanism of
collateral mechanism, the interest rate mechanism, etc. So we try to find the right the
experience which fit China's national conditions to build the basis of China's micro
loans for the Chapter IV and Chapter V.
Finally, , according to the operational features of micro-loans and China's national
conditions, respectively, from the macro (policy level), meso (regulatory level), micro
(micro-finance institutions operating mode) three point to build China's micro-credit
system. Using the game theory model to analyze the credit risk in real business benefits
to small effects of both lenders and borrowers, pointing out that unlike traditional
lending risk, credit risk is micro-credit.Therefore, focusing on credit risk control small
loans to establish the appropriate credit scoring model, analyze and build
micro-institutions operating mechanism, the final features for the micro-credit risks
control recommendations made.
Key words: micro-credit, sustainability, risk control, operation mode
目 录
中文摘要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪 论 ...................................................................................................................1
§1.1 本文研究的背景与意义 .......................................................................................1
§1.2 国内外相关研究综述 .......................................................................................... 2
§1.2.1 国外相关研究综述 ........................................................................................2
§1.2.2 国内相关研究综述 ........................................................................................4
§1.3 小额贷款的特征及我国现有主要的小额贷款机构 ...........................................6
§1.3.1 小额贷款的特征 ...........................................................................................6
§1.3.2 我国现有主要的小额贷款机构 ....................................................................7
§1.4 本文的研究内容 .................................................................................................14
§1.5 本文的框架结构及研究方法 .............................................................................15
§1.6 本文的创新之处 .................................................................................................18
第二章 我国小额贷款发展现状及存在的主要问题 ...................................................19
§2.1 我国小额贷款发展现状 .....................................................................................19
§2.2 宏观层面的问题 .................................................................................................19
§2.2.1 对小额贷款认识和定位存在偏差 ..............................................................19
§2.2.2 缺乏有效法律政策支持 ..............................................................................20
§2.2.3 利率的制定陷入两难困境,缺乏科学定价机制 ......................................20
§2.2.4 在金融危机的情形下小额贷款资金来源短缺 ..........................................21
§2.2.5 信用环境建设滞后 ......................................................................................22
§2.3 中观层面的问题 .................................................................................................22
§2.3.1 监管不到位及监管缺失 ..............................................................................22
§2.3.2 小额贷款的中介服务行业缺位 ..................................................................23
§2.4 微观层面的问题 .................................................................................................23
§2.4.1 产权不明晰和治理结构不完善 ..................................................................23
§2.4.2 小额贷款机制的设计上存在明显缺陷 ......................................................23
§2.4.3 产品设计单一 ..............................................................................................24
§2.4.4 信贷管理手段跟不上小额信贷的迅速发展 ..............................................25
§2.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................ 25
第三章 国际小额贷款运行模式及其对我国的借鉴 ...................................................27
§3.1 小额贷款的基本要素及模式类型 .....................................................................27
§3.2 国际小额贷款典型模式 .....................................................................................28
§3.2.1 孟加拉乡村银行模式 ..................................................................................28
§3.2.2 印尼人民银行模式 ......................................................................................30
§3.2.3 玻利维亚阳光银行模式 ..............................................................................33
§3.3 国际小额贷款系统运行模式对我国的借鉴及局限性 .....................................34
§3.3.1 国际小额贷款运行模式的比较及借鉴 ......................................................34
§3.3.2 国际小额贷款运行模式的局限性 ..............................................................36
§3.4 本章小结 ............................................................................................................ 38
第四章 我国小额贷款宏观政策体系及中观监管体系的构建 ...................................39
§4.1 宏观政策的目标与相应措施 .............................................................................39
§4.1.1 出台相应的鼓励的公共政策,营造支持性的政策环境 ..........................39
§4.1.2 实行有差别的合理的贷款利率定价机制 ..................................................39
§4.1.3 整治信用环境,夯实小额贷款持续增长的基础 ......................................40
§4.1.4 建立宏观调控和系统性风险防范制度 ......................................................40
§4.1.5 加快建立小额贷款机构风险救助和市场退出机制 ..................................41
§4.1.6 我国小额贷款运行宏观运行框架 ..............................................................41
§4.2 中观监管体系的构建 ........................................................................................ 42
§4.2.1 监管机构与小额贷款机构博弈分析 ..........................................................43
§4.2.2 监管目标和监管原则的确立 ......................................................................45
§4.2.3 区分审慎性监管与非审慎性监管 ..............................................................47
§4.2.4 监管层面政策建议 ......................................................................................49
§4.3 本章小结 ............................................................................................................ 52
第五章 我国小额贷款机构的运行模式构建 ...............................................................53
§5.1 小额贷款的风险识别 .........................................................................................53
§5.2 小额贷款的风险计量和客户选择 .....................................................................56
§5.2.1 小额贷款风险评估指标体系的构建 ..........................................................58
§5.2.2 评估指标权重向量的确定 ..........................................................................62
§5.2.3 小额贷款风险评估模型的构建 ..................................................................64
§5.3 小额贷款的风险规避机制 .................................................................................66
摘要:

摘要近年来,随着金融业市场竞争加剧,商业资本开始着眼于对小额贷款领域的投资,小额贷款2500亿美元广阔市场的诱惑,使得美国红杉基金、渣打、花旗和汇丰银行纷纷将小额贷款业务列入主流业务发展计划。对此,《时代》杂志有个很好的评论“西装客开始追逐穷人了”。小额贷款因其具有经济效益和社会效益并重的“双重底线”而成为极具吸引力的投资领域。然而,席卷全球的美国次级贷款危机,让我们认识到“次级”潜在的巨大风险,反观小额贷款,其与次级贷款有着很多相似之处:借款人大多是没有严格收入证明,缺乏贷款抵押,贷款主要靠信用方式的贫困或中低收入人群,贷款的利息普遍较高,整贷零还等等。因此次级贷款面临的问题,小额贷款同样面...

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作者:陈辉 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:81 页 大小:831.62KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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