基于超声横波反射的液体粘度测量方法研究

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摘要

粘度的准确测定在许多工业部门和科学研究领域中都具有重要意义，它可以

用于生产过程及产品质量的有效控制。超声波检测具有方向性好、穿透能力强，

结构简单等自身优势，超声技术在液体粘度测量中也得到了越来越多的应用。本

课题针对超声法测量液体粘度问题进行研究和探讨。

第一章中首先简单介绍了本文的研究背景和意义，综述目前粘度的测量方法，

并介绍了超声法测量液体粘度的国内外研究现状，在此基础上，提出本文的研究

内容；第二章重点介绍了超声法测量液体粘度的理论基础，包括超声波的产生与

各声学特征量的简单描述，以及液体粘度概念、牛顿内摩擦定律、流体的分类等，

最后还提到了影响液体粘度的几个重要因素；第三章的主要内容是超声横波反射

法以及波型转换方法测量液体粘度的基本原理及推导过程，引出了两种计算液体

粘度的模型，即仅考虑液体粘性的简化模型与考虑液体粘弹性的完整模型，给出

两种模型的计算公式；第四章主要介绍实验系统装置的搭建，包括硬件和软件部

分。其中硬件部分主要包括超声激励系统、超声换能器、高速采集卡以及实验测

量区装置。软件部分主要包括利用 LabVIEW 开发的信号处理程序及粘度计算程序。

第五章利用前面章节介绍的实验原理与实验装置，进行了一系列的实验。首

先对硅油样品的衰减特性及阻抗特性进行定性的分析，然后给出了两种方法测量

硅油样品粘度随温度变化的实验结果，并对实验数据及误差进行了分析与讨论。

本文研究发现，在粘度测量实验中，两种测量方法与两种模型的粘度测量结

果随温度的变化符合液体粘度随温度的变化趋势。相对来说，完整模型比简化模

型与旋转粘度计测量值偏差要小，波型转换方法比横波换能器直接测量法偏差要

小。在计算粘度的数据处理中，振幅反射系数及相位角的精确测量及计算是两个

重要的因素，只有两个参数结果都具有精确的测量值，粘度的测量值才能更精确。

关键字：超声波回波反射法波型转换粘度温度

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ABSTRACT

To measure the viscosity accurately is of great signification in many fields of

industry and scientific research which can be used to control the production process and

product quality effectively. Ultrasonic method processes advantages of good orientation,

strong penetrability and simple structure, thus more and more ultrasonic techniques

have been applied to measure the viscosity of liquids. For more information, the

ultrasonic measurement of the viscosity of liquids has been studied and discussed in this

paper.

First of all, the research background and the significance of this paper and the

developments of the ultrasonic method for viscosity measurement of liquids were

briefly introduced in chapter 1, and the various methods of the viscosity measurement

of liquids currently were also summarized. The second chapter focuses on the

theoretical basis of the ultrasonic measurement of the liquid viscosity which includes

the generation mechanism of the ultrasonic wave, a brief description of the ultrasonic

physical quantities, the concept of the liquid viscosity together with the Newton’s law of

friction and the classification of fluid. The main content of the third chapter three is the

basic principles and derivation involved in the ultrasonic measurement of the liquid

viscosity. From the basic relationship between the ultrasonic complex reflection

coefficient and the viscosity of the media, the complete model considering the

viscoelastic parameter of the liquid and the simplified model merely considering the

viscosity were introduced respectively, and the corresponding formulae were also

deduced subsequently. In chapter 4, the experimental device was described which can

be divided into two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of ultrasonic

signal excitation system, ultrasonic transducers, high speed data acquisition card and

experimental measurement zone. The software contains the signal analysis program and

the viscosity calculation algorithms which were developed based on the software

LabVIEW.

In chapter 5, a series of experiments were conducted based on the experimental

apparatus according to the analysis principle. Firstly, the attenuation characteristic and

the impendence characteristic of the silicon oil sample were analyzed qualitatively.

Then the experimental results of the viscosity of the samples were obtained by two

methods and discussed in detail. Last, the experimental error was illustrated and

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analyzed.

The ultrasonic results were compared with those measured by the rotational

viscometer (SNB-1), and the relation of the viscosity with the temperature changes was

plotted and well revealed. The complete model has presented the results more

approaching to the values of the rotational viscometer. Meanwhile, the results of wave

mode conversion method were closer to the values of the rotational viscometer

compared with the results directly using the transverse transducer. During the process of

calculation of viscosity, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and the phase angle

are two critical factors. Only when they were measured and calculated accurately, could

the viscosity results be more precise.

Keywords: ultrasonic, multiple reflections, wave mode conversion,

viscosity, temperature

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摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 .................................................................................................................... 1

§1.1 课题背景及意义 ............................................................................................. 1

§1.2 粘度的测量方法综述 ..................................................................................... 2

§1.2.1 旋转法 .................................................................................................. 2

§1.2.2 落球法 .................................................................................................. 3

§1.2.3 振动法 ................................................................................................... 4

§1.2.4 毛细管法 ............................................................................................... 5

§1.2.5 平板法 ................................................................................................... 5

§1.2.6 电磁法 ................................................................................................... 5

§1.2.7 超声法 ................................................................................................... 5

§1.3 超声粘度测量国内外研究现状 ..................................................................... 6

§1.4 本文研究内容和章节安排 ............................................................................. 9

§1.4.1 本文的研究内容 .................................................................................. 9

§1.4.2 本文的章节安排 ................................................................................ 10

第二章超声法测量粘度的基本概念 .......................................................................... 11

§2.1 超声检测基础 ............................................................................................... 11

§2.1.1 超声及其产生 ..................................................................................... 11

§2.1.2 声学特征量 ......................................................................................... 11

§2.2 粘度的基本概念 ........................................................................................... 16

§2.2.1 粘度的概念 ........................................................................................ 16

§2.2.2 牛顿内摩擦定律 ................................................................................. 17

§2.2.3 流体的分类 ........................................................................................ 18

§2.2.4 影响液体粘度的因素 ........................................................................ 20

§2.3 本章小结 ....................................................................................................... 21

第三章超声法测量液体粘度的理论方法 .................................................................. 22

§3.1 超声在不同介质界面的反射与透射 ........................................................... 22

§3.1.1 声学边界条件 .................................................................................... 22

§3.1.2 声波垂直入射时的反射与透射 ........................................................ 23

§3.1.3 声波斜入射时的反射与透射 ............................................................ 26

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§3.2 超声横波回波反射法测量液体粘度原理 ................................................... 27

§3.2.1 横波换能器直接接触测量 ................................................................ 27

§3.2.2 波型转换测量 .................................................................................... 29

§3.3 本章小结 ....................................................................................................... 30

第四章实验装置与实验方法 ...................................................................................... 31

§4.1 硬件系统 ....................................................................................................... 31

§4.1.1 超声换能器 ......................................................................................... 31

§4.1.2 超声激励系统 ..................................................................................... 33

§4.1.3 数据采集系统 ..................................................................................... 34

§4.1.4 测量区布置 ......................................................................................... 36

§4.1.4.1 匹配层和耦合剂 ............................................................................. 36

§4.1.4.2 粘度测量装置 ................................................................................. 36

§4.2 数据处理系统 ............................................................................................... 38

§4.2.1 傅立叶变换 ......................................................................................... 38

§4.2.2 回波信号处理和粘度计算 ................................................................. 39

§4.3 本章小结 ....................................................................................................... 43

第五章实验结果与分析 .............................................................................................. 44

§5.1 硅油样品超声特性的分析 ........................................................................... 44

§5.1.1 衰减特性实验 .................................................................................... 44

§5.1.2 阻抗特性实验 .................................................................................... 46

§5.2 超声横波回波反射法测量液体粘度 ........................................................... 48

§5.2.1 横波换能器直接接触测量 ................................................................ 49

§5.2.2 波型转换测量 ..................................................................................... 54

§5.3 本章小结 ....................................................................................................... 59

第六章总结与展望 ...................................................................................................... 61

§6.1 本文总结 ....................................................................................................... 61

§6.2 本文展望 ....................................................................................................... 62

主要符号表 .................................................................................................................... 63

参考文献 ........................................................................................................................ 64

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ............................................ 68

致谢 ................................................................................................................................ 69

后记 ................................................................................................................................ 70

第一章绪论

第一章绪论

§1.1 课题背景及意义

随着科技的不断发展，国内各行业的发展日趋与世界接轨，国内市场也日益

规范化，为了提高国际竞争力，则必须提高各行业的生产效率和产品质量。

粘度的准确测定在许多工业部门和科学研究领域中都具有重要意义，特别是

在石油化工、冶金、电力、纺织等行业[1-4]，粘度的准确测量可以有效的控制生产

过程及产品质量（见图 1-1）。

在石油工业中，在减压蒸馏过程，在柴油、润滑油、燃料油等的在线自动调

和过程，润滑油的脱蜡脱沥青过程等，需要进行在线的粘度检测来检查原料质量，

监视与控制生产、提高产品合格率，实现自动掺和及自动切换产品装罐等。

在用重油作燃料的交通、电力工业中，燃料油的粘度在线测量可以提高雾化

效率，维持最好的燃烧效果，节约燃料。

在各种聚合工程中，通过粘度的在线监测来控制反应来达到质量与产量控制

及实现安全生产。在化纤抽丝前的熔体粘度瞬时监测可以保证纤维的粗细均匀、

适当，减少废品率及能耗。

造纸和纺织工业生产中的粘度在线测量可以改进淀粉的转换过程，提高上胶

操作和自动涂料过程的效率。

此外，在油墨生产、洗涤剂与化妆品生产、油漆喷涂、颜料浇涂，胶丸生产

以及在浇涂、浸渍、滚涂和幕布涂等修饰过程也要进行在线粘度测量。

（a）燃料油粘度在线测量（b）减压蒸馏过程

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摘要：

摘要粘度的准确测定在许多工业部门和科学研究领域中都具有重要意义，它可以用于生产过程及产品质量的有效控制。超声波检测具有方向性好、穿透能力强，结构简单等自身优势，超声技术在液体粘度测量中也得到了越来越多的应用。本课题针对超声法测量液体粘度问题进行研究和探讨。第一章中首先简单介绍了本文的研究背景和意义，综述目前粘度的测量方法，并介绍了超声法测量液体粘度的国内外研究现状，在此基础上，提出本文的研究内容；第二章重点介绍了超声法测量液体粘度的理论基础，包括超声波的产生与各声学特征量的简单描述，以及液体粘度概念、牛顿内摩擦定律、流体的分类等，最后还提到了影响液体粘度的几个重要因素；第三章的主要内容是超...

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