意识形态-生产激励互动——永嘉农业集体化时期的包产到户

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3.0 周伟光 2024-09-30 4 4 834.68KB 61 页 15积分
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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
I
摘 要
中国的改革是从农村的包产到户开始的。回顾农业合作化到人民公社解体的
这二十多年的历史,我们发现包产到户就像水里压葫芦,被农民们搞起来,就压
下去,压下去,又偷偷的搞起。包产到户为什么被一次又一次地送上了意识形态
的审判法庭?而面对意识形态的高压线,农民为什么还是一次又一次的选择了包
产到户?为此本文提出了自己的分析模式:意识形态-生产激励互动。
永嘉县在 1956 年就卷入了全国第一次包产到户,是当时规模最大影响最大的
地区。尽管这次包产到户试验后来受到批判处理,但包产到户在永嘉并没有一批
就倒,此后二十多年一直在永嘉被隐蔽地实行。本文试图利用“意识形态-生产激
励”互动模式对永嘉县二十多年包产到户的实践做一史论结合的解读。笔者认为
意识形态与生产激励之间的矛盾、冲突及相互妥协构成了永嘉包产到户的主要线
索,可以很好的解读这段历史。
本文将意识形态定义为:政权机构利用强大的宣传机器和暴力机器在政治经
济制度选择方面所强制推行的观念和信仰。其目的是动员民众协调一致地投身于
特定的社会运动,以改变或维持某种政治、社会和经济关系。该定义强调了观念
与权力的联盟。
由于意识形态的影响,新中国的政权高层对“一大二公”的农业集体经营方
式和平均主义的分配制度有着固执的偏好,但在集体时代,这些强行植入的制度
设计没办法解决普遍而严重的“搭便车”问题,无法有效地激励农民投入生产,
使集体时代的农村生产组织处于低效率状态,甚至无法使农民摆脱饥饿的威胁。
所以,一方面这种意识形态要指导现实的生产和分配问题,其基本原则、信仰和
规范要不断面对现实的经济规律,即要解决生产激励问题,从而不可避免的要产
生折中,于是农民不断冒险搞包产到户。另一方面,为解决生产激励问题的操作
和技术手段(包产到户)在道德和意识形态的纯洁而严厉的法庭上要受到审查、
判决和修正,于是政府一次又一次批判纠正包产到户。
通过“意识形态-生产激励”互动模式,本文对永嘉县二十多年来包产到户的
实践做了一番史论结合的解读。同时本文也是以永嘉县的包产到户实践为窗口解
读毛泽东时代国家权力与意识形态的运作特点及其对经济生活的深刻影响。在一
个运行比较健康良性的社会里,制度约束着人们的行为,人们的行为也在塑造着
制度,制度和人的行为之间可以形成良性的互动。但在毛泽东时代,由于毛主义
色彩意识形态的影响,制度与人性一直处于极度紧张的状态却无法做出适当的调
整。事实上在毛泽东时代,意识形态与生产激励之间的矛盾冲突一直存在于所有
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
II
的经济领域,只是在农业领域最为明显罢了。一个政权如何合理合法地利用意识
形态这一工具,对一国的经济绩效和人民的福利是至为重要的。但对意识形态合
理合法的利用离不开民主和法治。
关键词:意识形态;激励;包产到户;集体化;搭便车问题;永嘉
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
III
ABSTRACT
China's reform started from the rural household responsibility system.
Recalling the agricultural cooperation to the disintegration of people's communes, we
found that the household responsibility system, created by farmers ,was once repressed
by ruler and rebuilt by farmers again and again. Household responsibility system, why
was once again brought to the court of ideology? Why farmers insisted to select
household responsibility under the pressure of ideology ? This paper presents the
analysis mode: ideology - production incentive interactives.
Involved in the first national household responsibility system in 1956, Yongjia
County was the largest regions which had a profound impact at that time. While the
household responsibility system was criticized later, it was still existed to a certain
extent instead of being banded in the next twenty years. This paper attempts to interpret
the practice of household responsibility system in Yongjia County, in which I combine
historical materials and economic theory and create the "ideology - production
incentives interactive mode. I believe that the contradiction between the ideology and
production incentives, conflicts and mutual compromise constitutes the main clue of
Yongjia household responsibility system,which can well interpret this history.
In this paper,Ideology is defined as follows: It is the concept and belief that was
enforced by governor in the selection of political and economic system through their
powerful propaganda machine and violence machine. Its purpose is to mobilize people
to participate in a particular social movement, in order to change or maintain some
kinds of political, social and economic relationship. This definition emphasizes the
alliance of concept and power.
Due to the influence of ideology, the new senior regime have a stubborn preference
for the agriculture collectivization which is characterized with its huge scale and
collective nature and the average socialist distribution system.In the era of the collective,
however, forcibly implanted system design can not solve the common and serious "free
rider" problem, it also can not effectively motivate farmers to go into production to
change the inefficient state of rural production organizations ,as a result farmers can not
even get rid of the threat of hunger.Therefore, on the one hand, this ideology was
expected to guide the production and distribution problems in reality, its basic principles,
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
IV
beliefs and norms must constantly face the reality of economic laws to solve production
incentives, so as to produce a compromise, so the farmers continued to adventure to
engage in the household responsibility system.On the other hand,household
responsibility which is used to solve production incentives was once again criticized by
government when confronted moral and ideology.
Through the "Ideology - production incentives interactive mode,I do some
research about the practice of the household responsibility system in Yongjia Country
combined historical materials with economic theory. At the same time, this article also
attempt to interpret the characteristics and their profound influence in economic life of
the state power and the ideology in the Mao era. In a healthy society which runs
smoothly, institution bind people's behavior, people's behavior is also shaping the
system.It can form a benign interaction between the social system and human behavior.
During the Mao era, however, because of Mao zedeng’s socialist ideology ,social
system and humanity has been extremely nervous and could not make proper
adjustments. In fact, the conflict between Ideology and production incentives had
always existed during Mao era, especially in the field of agriculture.It is crucial for a
regime to use ideology reasonably and legally, because it significantly affects the
economic performance and the welfare of its people. Unless we own democracy and
legal system, can the ideology be used properly and legally.
Keywords: ideology; incentives; household responsibility system; collectivization;
"free rider" problem; Yongjia
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
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目录
1 绪论 ................................................................1
1.1 选题的缘起 ....................................................1
1.2 永嘉“包产到户”的研究现状 ....................................2
1.3 论文的分析模式及写作思路 ......................................4
1.4 论文的创新点及不足 ............................................7
2. 研究区域概况与时代背景 ............................................9
2.1 永嘉的农业生产环境 ............................................9
2.2 永嘉学派的影响 ...............................................13
2.3 农村政策的演变 ...............................................15
3.意识形态与生产激励 ................................................20
3.1 意识形态与制度偏好 ...........................................20
3.2 生产激励与集体化的困境 .......................................24
3.3 包产到户的经济学分析 .........................................28
4. 永嘉包产到户的实践 ...............................................34
4.1 燎原试点 .....................................................34
4.2 饥荒的刺激 ...................................................38
4.3 机关瘫痪与农民单干 ...........................................43
4.4 意识形态的修正 ...............................................46
结论 ................................................................50
参考文献 ............................................................52
致谢 ................................................................57
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
1
1绪
1.1 选题的缘起
中国的改革是从农村开始的,而农村的改革是从家庭联产承包责任制开始的。
人们通常认为家庭联产承包责任制是 1978 年 12 月党的十一届三中全会之后,由
安徽、四川等省的农民首先搞起来的。但事实上“家庭联产承包责任制的原始形
态和典型形态是包产到户,原来的乳名叫包产到户”早在农业合作化基本完成之
初的 1956 年到 1957 年,四川、安徽、浙江、广东、河北等省一些地方就出现了
包产到户的试验。后来在三年困难时期,许多省区的农民又再次搞起了包产到户,
以应对困难。回顾农业合作化到人民公社解体的这二十多年的历史,我们发现包
产到户被农民们搞起来,就压下去,压下去,又偷偷的搞起来,就像一个“幽灵”
始终挥之不去。
家庭联产承包责任制后来被认为是“中国农民的伟大创造”并作为“基本制
度”长期稳定下来,但作为家庭联产承包责任制原始形态的包产到户为什么被一
次又一次地送上了意识形态的审判法庭?而面对意识形态的高压线,农民为什么
还是一次又一次的选择了包产到户?这两者之间的矛盾纠结让人感觉颇有意思。
为此我提出了自己的分析模式:意识形态-生产激励互动。
由于包产到户在中国改革开放中的特殊地位,对包产到户尤其是改革开放初
期的包产到户的宏观研究可谓汗牛充栋,但这些研究多基于全国范围内不同区域
的实践案例,由于研究对象的多元性和异质性,多少显得有点庞杂无序并且缺乏
研究思路的连贯性,所以本文的写作仅以永嘉县的包产到户为研究对象。之所以
将永嘉县作为研究对象,一方面是因为永嘉县在 1956 年就卷入了全国第一次包产
到户,是当时规模最大影响最大的地区。“据有关权威人士说,当年在少数民族边
远地区,比永嘉搞包产到户更早的可能还有。但是,在全县范围内,在县委统一
领导下,按明确的指导思想有组织地搞包产到户的,永嘉肯定是第一个。尽管
这次试验后来受到批判处理,但包产到户在永嘉并没有一批就倒,“从 1956 年春
加紧酝酿准备到 1981 年全县普遍实行,期间经历了几起几伏、风风雨雨的 25 个
春秋。作为 1956 年县委派到原永嘉县燎原社进行包产到户试点的工作组组长
李云河.李云河论文集[C].北京:中央文献出版社,2000:255.
郑秋文、胡方松.魅力永嘉[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2008:101.
中共永嘉县委党史研究室、永嘉县农业局、永嘉县档案局.中国农村改革的源头——浙江省永嘉县包产到户
的实践[M].北京:当代中国出版社,1994:47.
摘要:

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要中国的改革是从农村的包产到户开始的。回顾农业合作化到人民公社解体的这二十多年的历史,我们发现包产到户就像水里压葫芦,被农民们搞起来,就压下去,压下去,又偷偷的搞起。包产到户为什么被一次又一次地送上了意识形态的审判法庭?而面对意识形态的高压线,农民为什么还是一次又一次的选择了包产到户?为此本文提出了自己的分析模式:意识形态-生产激励互动。永嘉县在1956年就卷入了全国第一次包产到户,是当时规模最大影响最大的地区。尽管这次包产到户试验后来受到批判处理,但包产到户在永嘉并没有一批就倒,此后二十多年一直在永嘉被隐蔽地实行。本文试图利用“意识形态-生产激励”互动模式对永嘉县...

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作者:周伟光 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:61 页 大小:834.68KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-09-30

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