人口年龄结构变动对经济发展的影响及其公共对策研究

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3.0 周伟光 2024-09-30 4 4 742.36KB 57 页 15积分
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浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
I
摘要
“十一五”期间,我国妇女总和生育率稳定在 1.8 以下,人口自然增长率保
持在 6‰以内,且增长速度呈逐年降低的趋势,人口增长势头减弱。至 2010 年
末,我国大陆总人口为 13.41 亿人,计划生育政策成绩斐然。然而,继人口总量
矛盾得到有效控制后,“十二五”期间,我国人口结构将面临重大的转折期,老
年人口将出现第一次增长高峰,老龄化加剧,导致人口抚养比在经历之前 40 多
年持续下降后开始转为逐渐上升,“人口红利”逐渐演变为“人口负债”给经济
社会健康发展带来严峻挑战,人口结构性矛盾成为新时期影响经济社会发展全局
的重大问题。
为迎接新时期的新挑战,对人口问题的学术研究应从之前以运用人口红利解
释我国经济近几十年高增长之谜为主的趋势,转变到研究人口结构变化趋势、
化分析人口老龄化对经济社会发展的影响及其对策上来。为此,本文以构建人口
动力学方程预测人口结构变化趋势为基础,以搭建反映人口结构与 GDP 增长速度
关系的宏观模型为抓手,量化分析了未来人口老龄化趋势对经济发展的影响,
从财政金融政策、产业政策、人力资源政策和养老政策等方面提出相应的建议,
统筹协调,采用综合性的公共政策措施,构建有效的全面涉老政策体系,积极解
决老龄化带来的经济社会问题。
本文的主要结论包括三个方面:
一是,我国 65 岁及以上老年人口比例将由 2010 年的 8.87%上升至 2050 年
的 24%至 32%之间,老龄化将是一种必然趋势,因此正确的态度应是采取措施积
极解决老龄化带来的挑战,而不是回避现实,寄希望于研究可避免老龄化的各种
我国当前的总和生育率远低于可持续的更替水平,在保持 2010
年低生育水平情况下,我国 2050 年的人口总量将下降至 11 亿以下,且少儿
人口占比将低至 8%,而 65 岁及以上老年人口占比将高达 32%,由此可能
产生严重的经济社会问题,因此人口生育政策必须适时适度调整。同时,
文中指出,调整人口生育政策在 2050 年前仅能降低老龄化的程度,但不能
改变老龄化的趋势。
二是,劳动年龄人口比例、人均资本、社会生产技术水平是决定人均
GDP 增长率的三大关键性因素,三者合计能够解释人均 GDP 增长率中 67%
的变化,解释能力相当强。就三大因素对人均 GDP 增长率的独立解释能力
而言,经检验,每个因素在统计上均是显著的。
三是,在 1995 年至 2010 年间,人口年轻化因素累计使人均 GDP 增加
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
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3.94%。但在 2011 年至 2050 年间,人口老龄化因素将累计使人均 GDP
2010 年降低 7.36%人口负债效应将非常显著。积极应对老龄化挑战,
文中分析了人口年龄结构、人均资本和技术水平三者间在影响经济增长状
况方面的替代关系,以此为基础明确指出了克服老龄化难题的政策方向,
并提出了进一步改善我国人均资本和技术水平状况的各种措施。
与已有的公开文献相比,本文在人口与经济问题研究方面的特点鲜明,
创新性强。首先,本文首次量化分析了人口老龄化因素对经济发展的具体
影响程度,而不是仅仅针对变化趋势作简单的定性判断,也不是仅仅停留
在运用人口红利解释经济高增长上;其次,本文所构建的关于人口与经济
发展的宏观模型简洁明了,避免了大量假设,可靠性增强,且对实际经济
的解释能力突出;三是本文将总和生育率作为政策控制变量分析预测人口
变化情况,这既克服了将总和生育率作为随机变量处理时的复杂性和随意
性,降低了问题分析的难度,又为研究人口政策方向提供了有力的工具,
提出了可靠建议。
关键词:人口方程;老龄化;总和生育率;国内生产总值;公共政策
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
III
ABSTRACT
During the “11th Five-year Planning”, Chinese total fertility rate remained below
1.8, with the natural population growth rate below 6‰. What’s more, the growth rate
is declining increasingly. At the end of 2010, Chinese population reached 1.341 billion,
thanks to the family planning policies. Although the contradiction of total population
is well restrained, Chinese population structure is turning to a new phase--- intensified
aging due to the first growth peak of aged population. The dependency ratio of
population is rising again, after more than 40 years of decline. “Demographic
dividend” is evolving into “Demographic debt”. This poses a severe challenge to
healthy development of economy and society. The structural contradiction of
population has been a key problem restricting social and economic development in the
new era.
In order to encounter the new challenge in the new era, we should now focus on
change in population structure, quantitative analysis to economic and social
consequence caused by aging and on its countermeasures, instead of the economic
miracle in past tens of years from demographic dividend. The paper aims to forecast
the trend of change in population structure through population dynamics equation, so
as to develop a micro-model reflecting the relationship between population structure
and GDP growth rate. And, by this, the paper also gives quantitative analysis to the
influence on economic development by the aging trend. In addition, policies are also
proposed in the paper in terms of finance, industry, human resource and pension. We
should make overall plans and coordination, take comprehensive public policies and
establish an effective elder-care system, in order to address the social and economic
problems caused by aging.
The paper draws the conclusion into following three aspects:
First, the population rate of people elder than 65 will rise from 8.87% in
2010 to 24-32% in 2050. Since aging is an inevitable trend, the proper attitude toward
aging is to make aging researches and take active measures to address the challenge,
instead of heading in the sand. At present, Chinese total fertility rate is far lower
than the figure required for sustainable development. Provided that the fertility
level remains as low as that in 2010, Chinese population would reduce below
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
IV
1.1 billion in 2050, with the proportion of children population below 8% and
the proportion of aging people elder than 65 up to 32%. This could cause severe
threat to economy and society. Therefore, we must make moderate adjustment
immediately to the fertility policy. In addition, the paper points out, adjustment
of fertility policy can but lighten the aging, instead of removing the threat.
Second, the growth rate of GDP per capita is largely determined by three
such key factors as per capita capital, level of the productive forces and the
proportion of working population. These three factors contribute to 67% of
growth rate of GDP per capita. And this has been widely proved.
Third, the rejuvenation of population contributes accumulatively 3.94 % to
GDP per capita from 1995 to 2010. In contrast, aging will offset accumulatively
7.36% of GDP per capita compared to 2010. The effect of “Demographic debt” is
obviously. In order to encounter the aging challenge, the paper illustrates the
substitute relations among population structure, per capita capital and technical
level. On the basis of this analysis, the paper points out the direction of
policy-making in face of aging problems, together with measures to further
improve China’s per capita capital and technical level.
The paper gives clearer, innovative opinions on the relation between population
and economy, compared to present public researches. First, it is the first time of
quantitative analysis on how aging effects economic development, instead of giving
qualitative conclusion based on change trend or of focusing on economic miracle
based on demographic dividend. Second, the micro-model formulated in the paper
elaborates the relation between population and economic development. The model is
credible and effective in explanation to actual economy, without many assumptions.
Third, the paper forecasts the trend of change in population by regarding controlling
policy of total fertility rate as variable. This successfully avoids the complexity and
haphazard which may arise if we take total fertility rate as a random variable. It
lowers the difficulty in analysis and gives reliable proposals. It is an effective tool to
research on population policies.
Key words: population formulation; aging; total fertility rate; gross domestic
product (GDP) ; public polices
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
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目 录
第一章 绪论.........................................................1
第一节 选题背景及意义.............................................1
第二节 国内外研究现状及发展趋势...................................1
第三节 本文的基本研究框架.........................................5
第四节 创新点及未来研究展望.......................................6
第二章 基础理论:人口年龄结构与经济增长系统.........................8
第一节 人口年龄结构基础知识.......................................8
第二节 人口与经济增长.............................................8
第三节 人口年龄结构影响经济增长的作用机制........................10
第三章 我国人口年龄结构与经济增长关系的实证研究....................13
第一节 基本数据分析..............................................13
第二节 实证模型构建..............................................18
第三节 实证检验结果..............................................19
第四章 未来人口年龄结构预测及对经济发展的影响......................22
第一节 人口年龄结构预测方法......................................22
第二节 2050 年前我国人口年龄结构变动趋势预测 .....................26
第三节 老龄化对经济发展的影响....................................34
第五章 治理未来人口年龄结构问题的战略措施及政策建议................37
第一节 总体思路——基于实证检验结论的政策方向....................37
第二节 公共政策制定的战略准则....................................38
第三节 善用人力资源方面的政策....................................38
第四节 增加有效资本方面的政策....................................40
第五节 提高生产效率方面的政策....................................42
第六节 其他的一些重要政策........................................43
第六章 结论及进一步研究的方向......................................45
第一节 基本结论..................................................45
第二节 尚未解决的问题及研究方向..................................45
参考文献...........................................................47
附录...............................................................52
附件一:人口样本数据.............................................52
浙江财经学院硕士学位论文
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附件二:至 2050 年人口演变趋势....................................63
后记...............................................................67
致谢...............................................................68
摘要:

浙江财经学院硕士学位论文I摘要“十一五”期间,我国妇女总和生育率稳定在1.8以下,人口自然增长率保持在6‰以内,且增长速度呈逐年降低的趋势,人口增长势头减弱。至2010年末,我国大陆总人口为13.41亿人,计划生育政策成绩斐然。然而,继人口总量矛盾得到有效控制后,“十二五”期间,我国人口结构将面临重大的转折期,老年人口将出现第一次增长高峰,老龄化加剧,导致人口抚养比在经历之前40多年持续下降后开始转为逐渐上升,“人口红利”逐渐演变为“人口负债”,给经济社会健康发展带来严峻挑战,人口结构性矛盾成为新时期影响经济社会发展全局的重大问题。为迎接新时期的新挑战,对人口问题的学术研究应从之前以运用人口红...

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作者:周伟光 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:57 页 大小:742.36KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-09-30

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