梁实秋翻译思想研究

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硕士学位论文

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ABSTRACT

This thesis attempts to apply André Lefevere and Susan Bassnett’s theory of

“cultural turn” to studies of Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought by adopting an

inductive method. For long, translation studies have been based on linguistics. But

since the 1970s, “the cultural turn” proposed by André Lefevere and Susan Bassnett

has provided us with a new perspective in translation studies. Liang Shiqiu was a

great translator who had a lot of translation works including the famous The Complete

Works of Shakespeare. Thus probing into his translation thought from the perspective

of cultural turn would probably be of great significance and academic value as well.

Based on this idea, this thesis attempts to analyze and summarize his translation

thought after having studied a great number of his translated works and summarized

his viewpoints of translation implied in his essays and memoirs.

The research could be said as a pioneering work ever done, for studying Liang

Shiqiu’s translation thought from the perspective of “the cultural turn” is the first of

its kind I ever know. This study for the first time attempts to frame Liang Shiqiu’s

translation thought into a system mainly consisting of four aspects, namely, idea of

the mean, idea of the translator, idea of humanity and idea of abstention in translation.

The study of Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought is to be made mainly at the theoretical

level together with some discussion touching his practice. It is, therefore, going to be

a combination of both the theory and the practice.

This thesis mainly consists of three chapters. At first it offers a brief introduction

by explaining the intention, significance, and methodology of this thesis. Then, in

Chapter 1, this thesis reviewed the researches on Liang Shiqiu and the studies on

Liang Shiqiu as a translator. In Chapter 2, this thesis introduced the cultural turn in

translation studies emerging in the 1970s and the theory of the subject of translation

and the subjectivity of the translator. In Chapter 3, this thesis attempted to frame

Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought into a system mainly consisting of four aspects,

namely, idea of the mean, idea of the translator, idea of humanity and idea of

abstention in translation. At last, the present author summarized the study and pointed

out its limitations as well as its further research.

硕士学位论文

II -

In the following, the present author will briefly introduce the four aspects of

Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought.

First, Liang Shiqiu was born in a traditional Chinese family and was influenced

deeply by the Confucian thought. And at Harvard he became a student of Irving

Babbitt whose new humanism is similar to the Confucian thoughts in nature. So it is

the combination of Babbitt’s new humanism with traditional Confucian thought that

formed one of Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought, namely, idea of the mean.

Second, translating is not simply a kind of transfer between different language

systems but a kind of creative activity. In the processing of translating, the translator

is the bridge communicating the culture of source language and the culture of target

language. He would unconsciously put his own life experience, personality, aesthetic

views and habits into his reading, understanding and expressing of the source text.

Just based on this theory, one aspect of Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought– Liang

Shiqiu’s idea of the translator is to be studied. It contains two points, namely, the

translator’s attitudes toward translation and the translator’s translation methods.

Third, the idea of humanity. The ideas on human nature are the main part of

Liang Shiqiu’s literary thought and they inevitably influence his translation thought.

The reason why he chose Shakespeare to translate is that he thought that

Shakespeare’s works reflected the eternal humanity.

Fourth, the idea of abstention in translation. Liang Shiqiu was greatly influenced

by Irving Babbitt’s new humanism. Its core is to give the immanent control to

individual’s impulsion and appetency with the help of reason. Irving Babbitt’s new

humanism produces a great impact not only on Liang Shiqiu’s literary ideology but

also on his translation thought.

Keywords:Liang Shiqiu; cultural turn; translation thought; translation studies

硕士学位论文

III

摘要

本论文试图采用归纳的方法把安德列·勒弗维尔和苏珊·巴斯内特的文化

转向理论应用于梁实秋的翻译思想研究。长期以来，翻译研究一直都是基于语言

学研究之上的。但是，在二十世纪七十年代安德列•勒弗维尔和苏珊•巴斯内特提

出的文化转向理论为我们的翻译研究提供了一个新的视角。梁实秋是一位伟大的

翻译家，他有很多翻译作品，包括著名的《莎士比亚》全集。因此，从文化转向

的视角探究他的翻译思想将具有重要意义和学术价值。正是基于此想法，在阅读

了他的大量翻译作品和整理了分散在他的散文和传记中的有关翻译方面的言论

后，本论文试图分析并归纳出他的翻译思想。

本研究具有创新性，因为据笔者所知，从文化转向的视角研究梁实秋的翻

译思想至今尚不多见，并且本研究首次把梁实秋的翻译思想归纳为一个由四个方

面组成的系统，即中庸翻译观、译者观、人性论翻译思想和节制说翻译思想。此

外，本次梁实秋翻译理论的研究主要在理论的层面上展开，并结合了一些翻译实

践的讨论。因此，本研究将是一项理论与实践结合的工作。

本论文主要包括三章。首先，笔者简单介绍了一下本论文的研究意图、意

义和方法。然后在第一章里回顾了对梁实秋的研究和对梁实秋翻译的研究。第二

章介绍了上世纪 70 年代提出的文化转向的翻译理论以及译者主体和译者主体性

的理论。在第三章，本论文试图把梁实秋的翻译思想归纳为一个由四个方面组成

的系统，即中庸翻译观，译者观，人性论翻译思想和节制说翻译思想。最后，笔

者总结了本次研究并提出了本次研究的局限性以及将来可拓展的研究。

接下来笔者将简单介绍一下梁实秋翻译思想的四个方面。

第一，梁实秋出生在一个中国传统家庭，深深地受儒家思想的影响。在哈

佛，他成为欧文·白壁德的一名学生，而欧文·白壁德的新人文主义在本质上与

儒家思想非常相似。因此，正是欧文·白壁德的新人文主义与传统儒家思想的结

合造就了梁实秋中庸翻译观的形成。

第二，翻译不单单是不同文字系统之间的一种转换，而且是一种创造性活

动。在翻译的过程中，译者是沟通原语文化和目的语文化的桥梁。译者在阅读

硕士学位论文

、理解、表达原语的时候会不自觉地将他的生活经历、个性特征、美学观以及习

惯融入进去。正是基于这个理论，梁实秋翻译思想的一个方面—译者观将被研究。

它包括两点：译者的翻译态度和译者的翻译方法。

第三，人性论翻译思想。人性论是梁实秋文艺思想的主要部分，因此不可

避免地影响到他的翻译思想。他选择翻译莎士比亚作品的原因就是他认为莎士比

亚的作品反映了永久的人性。

第四，节制说翻译思想。梁实秋深深受欧文·白壁德新人文主义的影响。

新人文主义的核心是个人的欲望和冲动受理性内在的控制。欧文·白壁德的新人

文主义不仅对梁实秋的文艺思想产生很大的影响，而且也对他的翻译思想产生很

大的影响。

关键词：梁实秋；文化转向；翻译思想；翻译研究

硕士学位论文

V-

Contents

Introduction..................................................................................................................1

Chapter 1 Literature Review…………………………………………………3

1.1 Studies on Liang Shiqiu…………………………………………………3

1.2 Studies on Liang Shiqiu as a Translator………………………………….4

1.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………..7

Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundation……………………………………………..9

2.1 Theory of Cultural Turn……………………………………………………..9

2.2 The Subjectivity of the Translator…………………………………..………11

Chapter 3 Liang Shiqiu’s Translation Thought………………………………14

3.1 A Brief Introduction to Liang Shiqiu…………………………………14

3.2 Liang Shiqiu’s Translation Thought……………………………………15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….40

Bibliography..............................................................................................................42

硕士学位论文

Introduction

The study of translation involves translation theory, the history and criticism of

translation. This thesis dedicates to the study of the translator, Liang Shiqiu, which

belongs to the study of the translation history. The intention of this thesis has mainly

two points as follows.

First, the author of this thesis intends to do her bit to enhance the translation

studies as an independent discipline. It is of great importance to the construction of

translation studies by means of exploring the translation activity of the outstanding

translators in the history of translation, summing up their translation experience as well

as their translation thought.

Second, since translation studies began to be made in the cultural perspective,

many issues which had not been recognized before have suddenly appeared. One of

them is the subject of literary translation. Therefore, the study of translators has become

an important part of translation studies. Among the translators I chose Liang Shiqiu as

the subject, because on the one hand, he made a lot of translation practice, but his ideas

on translation were not known to us; on the other hand, his contributions to translation

had not been adequately paid attention to due to some reasons or other. This thesis,

based on the translator’s subjectivity, attempts to make a detailed analysis and a

systematic study of Liang Shiqiu’s translation thought together with some examples

taken from his translated works.

This is a research of great significance to the study of translation history, the

study of Shakespeare and to the understanding of cultural identity under global context.

First, the study of translators is an important part of translation history. It will

exert a great help to know the history of translation by focusing on the great translator

and summarizing his translation thought. Liang Shiqiu was born in an age when the

Chinese society was full of revolutions. To know the Chinese traditional translation

thought of that age, one has to be familiar with the translation thought of these

representative translators at that time. Liang Shiqiu had gained an important position in

the translation history of China with his extraordinary translation style. So the study of

his translation thought will help us to better understand the translation history of China.

Second, Liang Shiqiu is the first one to have translated the complete works of

Shakespeare into Chinese. Therefore, the study of his translation thought will be of

硕士学位论文

great importance to the research of Shakespeare in China. As the greatest dramatist in

the world, Shakespeare has been read and loved by the whole world until today. Just as

his contemporary Ben Johnson said, “He was not of an age, but for all time!” The

elucidation of his works is open and the research on him will not be stopped. In many

fields such as literature, aesthetics, linguistics and sociology, the Chinese experts on

Shakespeare are doing their jobs roundly. The study of Liang Shiqiu’s translation

thought, therefore, will be of great significance to the further study of Shakespeare in

China.

Third, the study of translator’s ideas will be in favor of understanding correctly

the problem of cultural identity under global context. In the world today, it seems to be

the main stream to balance different cultures, facilitate cultural communication and

draw nutrition of human civilization. The objective of translating is to facilitate the

communications in the fields of literature, culture, thought and so on. Therefore, the

research on the subject of translation would be conducive to the better understanding of

the translator’s cultural orientation in the process of globalization.

This thesis mainly takes an inductive method. It is not intended to discuss what

the translation criteria are or whether the translation methods are proper or not. What

this thesis is expected to deal with are: during the specific historical period, what were

Liang Shiqiu’s ideas on translation? How did the ideology influence his translation? The

thesis adopts the methodology of combining the theoretical discussion with the

illustration of relevant examples quoted from Liang Shiqiu’s translated works, and the

author attempts to make the analysis by focusing on both macroscopic and microscopic

levels. In terms of the microcosmic level, this thesis will probe into such issues as Liang

Shiqiu’s attitude toward translation, his choice of the original works to be translated and

translation strategies. In the case of the macroscopic level, this thesis is to sum up the

characteristics of Liang Shiqiu’s translation works regarding the transfer of cultural

connotation, the use of literary form and the reproduction of language style by making a

comparative analysis between the original and the target texts.

硕士学位论文

Chapter 1 Literature Review

1.1 Studies on Liang Shiqiu

1.1.1 Liang Shiqiu’s Ideas on Human Nature

In recent years, Liang Shiqiu, a famous Chinese writer, essayist, translator and

literary critic, was studied from different angles by many people. Gao Xudong was one

of them who did a lot of studies about Liang Shiqiu. According to him, the ideas on

human nature are the main part of Liang Shiqiu’s literary thought. In his article Talking

about Liang Shiqiu’s Thought of Human Nature and its Evolution (

《论梁实秋人性论的

性质及其演变》),Gao said that Liang Shiqiu’s ideas on human nature is from Babbitt’s

theory of classical human nature which is controlled by reason. But during the debate

with the leftist writers, the core of his ideas on human nature has changed from reason

to emotion. And thus the human nature that Liang Shiqiu proposed is difficult to

distinguish from animal nature. (高旭东, 2004:107-110) In the late 1920s, there was a

debate between Lu Xun and Liang Shiqiu as to whether or not literature has a social

class nature. In his article Literature and Revolution, Liang Shiqiu definitely denied the

existence of revolutionary literature. (杨迅文,2002a:309-318) In his Does Literature

Has a Class Character, he said again that literature does not have a social class nature.

(杨迅文, 2002a: 319-330) Lu Daofu, in his article Reflections on the Debate about

Human Nature and Class Nature between Liang Shiqiu and Lu Xun (《梁实秋、鲁迅人

性阶级性论争溯源》), analyzed Liang Shiqiu and Lu Xun’s different ideas about

human nature and their theoretical source.（陆道夫, 2002:29-36）In this respect, other

scholars such as Pan Yanhui(潘艳慧，

2004), Chen Qing(陈清，

2004), Zhao Xinxian(赵

心宪，2005), and Zhang Fengjie(张凤杰，2007) also did much research.

1.1.2 Liang Shiqiu as a Literary Critic

Liang Shiqiu was a professional literary critic. Art supremacy ran through all his

critical theory and practice obviously or indistinctly. His unique critical theory was a

profitable complement of the modern literature. However, his literary theory lost contact

with the practical society and the political environment. As a result, he could hardly be

tolerated by the society and was incompatible with the times. In the article Liang Shiqiu ,

A Critic of Literature Who Was Incompatible with the Times(《一位不合时宜的批评家

--梁实秋》), Tan Guanghui & Zhao Qiuyang held that “art for art’s sake” is the main

point of Liang Shiqiu’s literary critic theory and because his literary theory was

incompatible with the social and political environment, he suffered from criticizing by

硕士学位论文

many people at that time.（谭光辉 &赵秋阳, 2002: 38-42）Another scholar Wen

RuminsaidinhisarticleLiang Shi-qiu, a Critic Against Theme in Modern Literary

History(

《梁实秋:现代文学史上的“反主题”批评家》

) that Liang Shiqiu was a unique

critic in Chinese literary history；that he emphasized reason, criterion and abstention;

that he advocated literary discipline and opposed romantic attitudes. （温儒敏,

2007:3-13）

1.1.3 Liang Shiqiu as a New Humanist

Liang Shiqiu was a supporter of new humanism. According to Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia, Liang Shiqiu studied literary criticism under the guidance of Irving

Babbitt at Harvard, whose new humanism helped shape his conservative literary tenets.

After his return to China in 1926, he began his long career as a professor of English at

several universities, including Peking University, Tsingtao University, Jinan University,

and Southwest China Normal University. During this period he published a number of

literary treatises which could be easily seen to be under the strong influence of Babbitt

and demonstrated his belief that human life and human nature are the only proper

subjects for literature. The best known among these are The Discipline of Literature

(《文学的纪律》), Literature and Revolution（《文学与革命》）, The Ponderance of

Literature （《文学的严重性》）and The Eternity of Literature

（《文学的永久性》）

.In

each of these treatises he upheld the intrinsic value of literature as something that

transcends social class and strongly opposed using literature for propagandist purposes.

These pronouncements and his dislike for the excessive influence of Jean-Jacques

Rousseau and other Romanticists in China triggered a polemic war between him and Lu

Xun, and drew the concerted attacks from leftist writers. In the article Liang Shiqiu and

New Humanism（《梁实秋与新人文主义》), You Shihui & Wu Xiaohong analyzed the

reason why Liang Shiqiu chose the aesthetic literary thought of New Humanism, the

development and connotation of New Humanism as well as the relationship between

Liang Shiqiu’s literary view and practice and New Humanism (游士慧 &吴晓红,

2007: 5-6).

1.2 Studies on Liang Shiqiu as a Translator

Liang Shiqiu’s major works as a translator include James Barrie’s Peter Pan,

George Eliot’s Silas Marner,Mr.Gilfil’sLove Story, Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights,

George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations and William

Shakespeare’s The Complete Works of Shakespeare. However, he is now remembered

硕士学位论文

chiefly as the first Chinese scholar who has single-handedly translated The Complete

Works of Shakespeare into Chinese.

1.2.1 Liang Shiqiu and the Translation Controversy

The publication of Liang Shiqiu’s On Mr. Lu Xun’s Servile Translation (《论鲁迅

先生的“硬译”》)sparked off a series of heated debates on literal translation versus

sense translation. In this article, Liang Shiqiu pointed out that Lu Xun’s translation is

close to or even has no difference with “dead translation”. To him, Lu’s syntactic

convolutions are impossible to understand and he complained that “Reading his

translation is like reading a map; we need to seek the position with our fingers.”（杨迅

文，

2002a：

349）He also suggested that translators should take readers into account by

make the translation smooth, not obstinately clinging to the syntax of the source text.

In his response, Lu Xun raised the discussion to an ideological plane. In ‘Servile

Translation’ and the Class Nature of Literature (1930) , he begins with pointing out that

Liang represents the Crescent Moon Society —the “other camp” which espouses

bourgeois values and goals radically opposed to Lu’s—and that what Liang has written

simply exposes his lack of understanding of proletarian literary thought. Lu Xun

stresses that it is a special class of readers that he intended his translations for, namely,

proletarian literary critics. For that reason, faithfulness is important, and close adherence

to almost every word of the original becomes necessary.

Because Liang Shiqiu set himself against Lu Xun’s perspective on translation—

“faithfulness rather than smoothness”, for a long time he had been regarded as the

representative of “smoothness rather than faithfulness” due to people’s respect for Lu

Xun. Most books on translation thought published in the mainland of China that cover

the pre-1949 period have included articles by Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun, but Liang Shiqiu

is nowhere to be seen, and most of the writings that dealt with the debate took Lu Xun’s

side, at least on the surface. For example, in Luo Xinzhang’s A Collection of Articles on

Translation（

《翻译论集》）(罗新璋,1984), we can’t find any articles written by Liang

Shiqiu, but can find a lot of Lu Xun’s articles. In A History of Translation Theory in

China (《中国译学理论史稿》)(2000)，Chen Fukang(陈福康) elaborated Lu Xun’s

perspectives, but treated Liang Shiqiu as the opposition only. Liu Yansheng, in his

article The Origin of the Controversy between Liang Shiqiu and Lu Xun & their

Argument on Translation(《梁实秋和鲁迅争论的起因及翻译问题的是非》)(刘炎生,

1995),also took Lu Xun’s side.

But in recent years, studies on Liang Shiqiu as a translator have attracted the

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摘要：

硕士学位论文--I-ABSTRACTThisthesisattemptstoapplyAndréLefevereandSusanBassnett’stheoryof“culturalturn”tostudiesofLiangShiqiu’stranslationthoughtbyadoptinganinductivemethod.Forlong,translationstudieshavebeenbasedonlinguistics.Butsincethe1970s,“theculturalturn”proposedbyAndréLefevereandSusanBassnetthasprovi...

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