USST_Arts_117121354 低渗透油田回注水水质恶化的分析研究

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摘要

目前，注水驱油技术已得到了广泛的应用，为了充分的利用水资源和保护环

境，注水油田逐步采用将产出水处理后进行回用，将处理后的水作为注水水质；

但随着回注水驱油的深入，管线中回注水水质恶化（主要是含油量和总悬浮固体

含量严重超标）的问题也逐渐的暴露出来；此外，由于低渗透区块具有储层埋藏

深、储层物性差、非均质性强等特点，对于水质的要求更为苛刻，因此，油田低

渗透区块回注水水质恶化的问题越来越受到广泛的关注。

由于回注水水质恶化的问题导致地层受到污染严重，注水压力不断升高，注

水难度增大，极大的降低了驱油效果。本文针对当前低渗透油田回注水水质恶化

的问题作了全面而深入研究，所研究的水质主要来源于辽河油田，该油田主要采

用B1 级注水水质标准，随着注水的深入，管线中回注水水质中的含油量和总悬

浮物含量分别由水处理站出口处的 1.71mg/L 和6.00mg/L 增加到注水站出口处的

32.14mg/L 和394mg/L，严重的超出了国家标准。为了科学的解释水质恶化的原

因和现象，找到解决水质恶化的办法，以确保低渗透油藏区实现有效的注水，本

文首先利用 ICP-AES、IC、哈希 DR2800 等仪器沿注水流程进行了水质中相应指

标的全面检测分析，其中，选取了注水流程中的水处理站、注水站、注水井、井

底4个构筑物，共 14 个检测点中的 19 种相关的阴、阳离子，3种微生物和其它

6种指标；并且，根据上述的水质检测，发现了该水质中的铁含量的变化较大，

给出了水质的定性评价，得出了处理站出水水质的腐蚀倾向很大，进而利用

CHI604D 电化学工作站对该水质的腐蚀性做了深入的研究，定量的说明了该水质

对管线（管材为 15CrMo 合金钢）的腐蚀程度较大；其次，采用模拟现场注水实

验的方法进一步验证了管线的腐蚀对于水质中含油量和总悬浮固体含量的影响，

并且，通过对悬浮固体进行 SEM-EDS 能谱分析和 XRD 化合物分析最终确定了管

线腐蚀的产物对于水质恶化的作用；最后，通过建立腐蚀产物（Fe2+）与油滴脱

稳、总悬浮固体含量的数学模型关系，进一步从机理上解释和说明了管线腐蚀是

回注水水质恶化的主要影响因素。

此外，针对上述所研究的结论，本文最后还给出了初步的解决方案和相应的

经济评价。

关键词：回注水质油滴脱稳油含量管线腐蚀

ABSTRACT

Currently, the water injection technology is applied widely in most of the oil

fields. Meanwhile, the produced water is re-injected to decrease environmental

pollution and save resources. With the deepening of the waterflooding, the

deterioration of injection water quality (mainly oil content and total suspended solid

content exceed criterion badly) is gradually exposed in pipeline. Besides, the

requirement of injection water quality is more strictly with reservoir burial depth, poor

reservoir property, strong heterogeneity in the low permeability blocks. Therefore, it

has attracted widespread attention that the deterioration of injection water quality in

the low permeability blocks.

The deterioration of injection water quality leads to a lot of problems, like that

formation is polluted, the pressure and difficulty of water injection is rising. However,

it reduced the effect of the production. A comprehensive and in-depth research on the

deterioration of injection water quality has been done in the paper. The injection water

comes from the Liaohe oilfield, and B1 is the executive standard. The concentrations

of TSS in the water (named A#) from Water Treatment Station and the water (named B#)

from Water Injection Well were 6 mg/L and 394 mg/L, respectively. And the

concentrations of oil in the A# water was 1.71 mg/L, whereas the concentrations in the

B# water was 32.14 mg/L. The goal of this paper is to expound the phenomenon and

investigate the mechanism of deterioration of the injection water quality. However, at

first a comprehensive water quality testing was made by ICP-AES, IC, DR2800,

Mastersizer 2000 etc., and 4 structures were choosed from the whole process of water

injection. A qualitative evaluation of the injection water was procided. In addition, a

large change about the Fe content in different structures was found, and the corrosive

properties of the A# water from WTS was researched by CHI604D. Then the simulated

experiment was conducted to better explain the effects of pipeline corrosion on the

injection water, and the TSS from WTS and WIW were characterized using the

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM)

and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), It revealed that the effect of the corrosion

product on the deterioration of the injection water quality. Finally, the simulation

model for oil, TSS and ferrous ions contents was established to explain quantitatively

the relevance between the corrosion of pipeline and the deterioration of injection water

quality. However, it is concluded that pipeline corrosion is the dominating reason for

deterioration of injection water quality.

In addition, the preliminary solutions and the corresponding economic evaluation

were given in this paper at last.

Key Word：injection water quality, destabilization of oil droplets, oil

content, pipeline corrosion

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论.............................................................................................................1

1.1 国内外注水技术及水质研究现状 .................................................................1

1.1.1 国外分层注水工艺现状 ......................................................................1

1.1.2 国内分层注水工艺现状 ......................................................................1

1.1.3 国外有关注水水质的标准探讨 ..........................................................2

1.1.4 国内有关注水水质的标准探讨 ..........................................................2

1.2 研究的目的、理论意义及实际应用价值 .....................................................3

1.2.1 研究目的 ..............................................................................................3

1.2.2 理论意义 ..............................................................................................3

1.2.3 实际应用价值 ......................................................................................3

1.3 问题的提出及分析 .........................................................................................4

1.3.1 分析依据 ..............................................................................................4

1.3.2 分析内容 ..............................................................................................4

1.3.3 分析论据 ..............................................................................................5

1.4 基本思路及研究路线 .....................................................................................5

1.4.1 基本思路 ..............................................................................................5

1.4.2 研究路线 ..............................................................................................5

1.5 水质检测分析理论 .........................................................................................6

1.5.1 水质定性判定理论依据 ......................................................................6

1.5.2 水质腐蚀性研究依据 ..........................................................................7

1.6 因素测定方法综述 .......................................................................................12

1.6.1 仪器测定 ............................................................................................12

1.6.2 国家标准方法 ....................................................................................14

1.7 本章小结 .......................................................................................................16

第二章注水水质的全分析检测 ...............................................................................17

2.1 水质检测研究概述 .......................................................................................17

2.1.1 研究思路 ............................................................................................17

2.1.2 分析方法 ............................................................................................17

2.1.3 水质常规检测结果 ............................................................................18

2.2 水质中指标含量统计及分析 .......................................................................18

2.2.1 水质中阳离子在不同位置的含量变化曲线图 ................................18

2.2.2 水质中阴离子在不同位置的含量变化曲线图 ................................20

2.2.3 水质中其它指标在不同位置的含量变化曲线图 ............................22

2.2.4 水质中 3种微生物在不同位置的含量变化图 ................................23

2.2.5 水质中溶解性有机物（DOM）在不同位置的含量变化图...........24

2.3 水质中重要指标间的含量关系 ...................................................................25

2.3.1 相关指标与固体悬浮物间的量化关系 ............................................26

3.3.2 相关指标与含油量间的量化关系 ....................................................30

2.3.3 总悬浮固体和含油量的量化关系 ....................................................33

2.3.4 总悬浮固体、滤膜系数和含油量的量化关系 ................................34

2.3.5 总悬浮固体、总铁和含油量的量化关系 ........................................35

2.3.6 总悬浮固体、总矿化度和含油量的量化关系 ................................35

2.4 本章小结 .......................................................................................................36

第三章注水水质的定性评价 ...................................................................................37

3.1 水质的腐蚀与结垢倾向判定 .......................................................................37

3.2 水质在不同位置的优劣性评价 ...................................................................37

3.2.1 利用滤膜系数对水质进行定性评价 ................................................37

3.2.2 对水样中油滴粒径（MD）的研究..................................................38

3.3 本章小结 .......................................................................................................41

第四章注水水质的腐蚀性研究 ...............................................................................42

4.1 腐蚀体系的稳态测量实验 ...........................................................................42

4.1.1 实验说明 ............................................................................................42

4.1.2 实验内容及方法 ................................................................................42

4.1.3 实验结果 ............................................................................................42

4.2 腐蚀体系的暂态测量实验 ...........................................................................48

4.2.1 实验目的 ............................................................................................48

4.2.2 实验内容及方法 ................................................................................48

4.2.3 实验结果 ............................................................................................48

4.3 本章小结 .......................................................................................................50

第五章模拟注水实验研究 .......................................................................................51

5.1 模拟实验说明 ...............................................................................................51

5.1.1 模拟实验水的来源 ............................................................................51

5.1.2 模拟实验装置说明 ............................................................................51

5.2 模拟实验结果及分析 ...................................................................................52

5.2.1 模拟实验的水质变化结果及分析 ....................................................52

5.2.2 模拟实验产生的悬浮物元素成分结果及分析 ................................53

5.3 本章小结 .......................................................................................................54

第六章现场注水水质中悬浮物的成分研究 ...........................................................55

6.1 水中悬浮物的研究思路 ...............................................................................55

6.1.1 研究思路 ............................................................................................55

6.1.2 分析方法 ............................................................................................55

6.2 悬浮物扫描电镜及元素能谱的测定结果 ...................................................56

6.2.1 扫描电镜（SEM）的结果分析........................................................56

6.2.2 X 射线能谱分析（EDS）结果.........................................................57

6.3 悬浮物中化合物的测定结果（XRD）.......................................................60

6.3.1 处理站处的悬浮固体 ........................................................................60

6.3.2 注水站处的悬浮固体 ........................................................................60

6.3.3 井底处的悬浮固体 ............................................................................60

6.4 元素及化合物检测结果分析 .......................................................................61

6.4.1 元素检测结果综合分析 ....................................................................61

6.4.2 化合物检测结果综合分析 ................................................................64

6.5 本章小结 .......................................................................................................65

第七章注水水质中乳化油滴脱稳模型的建立 .......................................................66

7.1 铁离子对纳米级乳化油滴的破乳理论 .......................................................66

7.1.1 乳化油滴稳定性理论 ........................................................................66

7.1.2 乳化油滴脱稳理论 ............................................................................67

7.1.3 腐蚀产物破坏乳化油滴稳定性的分析 ............................................69

7.2 铁离子对纳米级乳化油滴破乳实验 ...........................................................70

7.2.1 实验说明 ............................................................................................70

7.2.2 实验内容及方法 ................................................................................70

7.2.3 实验结果 ............................................................................................70

7.3 实验结果的分析及数学量化关系的建立 ...................................................72

7.3.1 实验 1#结果分析 ...............................................................................72

7.3.2 实验 2#结果分析及建模 ...................................................................75

7.4 本章小结 .......................................................................................................77

第八章解决方案及经济评价 ...................................................................................78

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