总统就职演说的评价性分析

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank in the first instance my supervisor，

Associate Professor Gao Jun,

for her encouragement and support throughout the process. She recommended books to

me at the very starting stage of the writing, carefully read the drafts of this thesis and

offered valuable suggestions. I am particularly impressed by her profound knowledge of

language and serious attitude towards academic research.

I am deeply indebted to other tutors who contributed to my study of linguistic

knowledge. They are Professor Dai Weihua, Professor Deng Zhiyong, Professor Lu Le,

Associate Professor Han Geling and all other professors and teachers in our class.

Finally, I wish to dedicate this thesis to my parents and my husband, who are always

there whenever I need.

ABSTRACT

Presidential Inaugural Address (abbreviated as PIA hereafter) is an important

communicative way to face public in inauguration ceremony. It aims to “convince a

national audience of their appropriateness and benefits, mold public opinion, inspire

public actions and win the largest amount of applause and support” (Luo Yi, 2004). In

such persuasive genre, the speaker should negotiate with the audience and thus many

Appraisal strategies must be employed for communicative purposes. Based on Appraisal

Theory, the thesis attempts to reveal such language strategies: how speakers employ

Appraisal resources to express attitudes and establish solidarity with the audience. It

also intends to further uncover the typical Appraisal pattern of PIA.

In order to achieve the research objectives, both qualitative and quantitative

approaches are adopted in this thesis. The qualitative analysis takes George. W. Bush’s

second inaugural address as study case. It explores how Appraisal resources interwove

to realize interpersonal function in PIA; how speakers/writers align with the actual or

potential audience by the use of Appraisal resources; and how they negotiate and

naturalize particular ideological positions. By the analysis, the validity and feasibility of

Appraisal Theory in the genre of PIA have been proven. Furthermore, the thesis makes a

quantitative analysis on 10 PIAs in terms of three subsystems: Attitude, Engagement

and Graduation. Systemic Coder 468 offers the following statistical results: generally

speaking, PIA is very abundant in Appraisal resources, together 2075 items, indicating

that although the speaker and the audience may not face to face, the address is still

dialogic and interactive. Specifically speaking, every subsystem has certain features. As

for Attitude, Affect, Judgment and Appreciation are all rich in the data, taking 33.6%,

35.5% and 30.8%. Besides, positive Attitudes (78.4%) are far beyond negative Attitudes

(21.6%). The positives usually describe inclusive ‘us’, whereas the negatives point to

the putative enemies; hence forming a clear dichotomy. Under Engagement, the

Contractive resources (66.1%) account for a higher percentage than the dialogic

Expansion resources (33.9%), signifying that PIA is a genre in which the speaker has

high authority. The Graduation system appears more important in PIA than in other

genres. Within it, the use of Force (93.1%) much outweighs Focus (6.9%).

The thesis contributes a theoretically motivated, multidimensional and dynamic

explanation of evaluative stance in the context of PIA and provides a new perspective to

iii

oratory research. From pedagogical perspective, it could help learners know how to

make an attractive and persuasive address and how to identify with the audience as

possible as they can.

Key words: Presidential Inaugural Address, Appraisal Theory,

Interpersonal Meaning, Solidarity

摘要

总统就职演说是总统就职典礼的重要环节，是一种面对大众的交际方式。言

者意欲通过这种交际方式说服听众什么是正确的、有益的，从而塑造一种公众观

点，激发公众行为，最终为自己赢得最多的掌声与支持(罗怡, 2004)。在这种说

服性语域中，言者必须与听众协商沟通,因此必然会运用许多评价性策略以达到其

交际目的。基于评价理论，本论文试图对此种评价语言策略进行研究以揭示言者

是如何运用各种评价资源表达态度，与听众建立团结一致关系，最终总结出总统

就职演说语类特有的评价模式。

为达到这一研究目的，本论文结合了定性与定量两种分析方法。定性分析以

乔治.W.布什第二任总统就职演说为样本探讨了评价资源是如何相互作用以实现

总统就职演说的人际功能，言者是如何巧妙地运用评价资源建立言者与听众的一

致性以及如何协商与自然化特定的意识形态等问题。通过分析,评价理论在总统就

职演说语篇中的有效性和可行性得以证实。借助于 Systemic Coder 468，本论文

进一步从评价理论的三个子系统：态度，介入与级差对十篇总统就职演说进行了

定量分析。统计结果表明：总体而言，总统就职演说中评价资源丰富，共 2075 个。

这说明尽管言者与听众可能不是面对面的交流，但这种演说仍然具有对话性和互

动性。具体而言，就职演说中每一个子系统都有着特定的特征。态度系统中，情

感、判断与鉴赏资源都很丰富，各占 33.6%、

35.5%、

30.8%。此外，肯定态度(78.4%)

较之否定态度占有绝对优势。通常，肯定态度语用于描述‘我们’社团，而否定

态度资源则指向假定的敌人，因此形成了二分局面。介入系统中，对话压缩的分

布(66.1%)超过了对话扩展的分布(33.9%)，表明总统就职演说是一个言者有着较高

权威的语类。级差资源在态度的激发方面发挥了较其它语类更为重要的作用。其

中，语势的比重远远高于聚焦。

本论文为总统就职演说语境中评价姿态提供了一个以理论为指导，多层次，

互动的阐释，为公共演讲艺术的研究找到了一个新的方向。就教学角度而言，该

论文有助于学习者了解如何去创作一个极具吸引力与说服力的演讲，如何尽可能

得建立与听众的团结一致关系。

关键词：总统就职演说评价理论人际意义团结一致

List of Tables

Table 3.1a Types of Affect: un/happy………………………………………..15

Table 3.1b Types of Affect: dis/satisfaction………………………………….15

Table 3.1c Types of Affect: in/security. ……………………………………...15

Table 3.2a Judgment – social esteem..……………………………………….16

Table 3.2b Judgment – social sanction…………………………………….. ..17

Table 3.3 Types of Appreciation……………………………………………...19

Table 3.4a The gradability of Attitudinal meanings…………………………..28

Table 3.4b The gradability of Engagement values…………………………....28

Table 4.1 Coding the examples of Affect…………..........................................36

Table 4.2 The statistical results for the data….…….........................................50

List of Figures

Figure 3.1 An overview of Appraisal resources……………………………....13

Figure 3.2 An overview of Engagement system…………………………….. .26

Figure 3.3 System network for Graduation…………………………………...30

Figure 4.1 The scheme for semantic codings of Appraisal values…………….33

Contents

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................ iv

List of Tables ................................................................................................................ v

List of Figures.............................................................................................................. v

Chapter One Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

§1.1 Background of the Present Research .................................................................. 1

§1.2 Objective and Significance of the Research ....................................................... 2

§1.3 Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................. 2

Chapter Two Literature Review .....................................................................................4

§2.1 The Development of Appraisal Theory ...............................................................4

§2.1.1 Appraisal System: Expansion of SFG ..........................................................4

§2.1.2 Related Studies on Appraisal Theory .......................................................... 6

§2.2 The Study of PIA ................................................................................................ 9

§2.2.1 PIA as Persuasive Genre ..............................................................................9

§2.2.2 PIA Study ...................................................................................................10

Chapter Three Theoretical Foundation ........................................................................ 12

§3.1 An Overview of Appraisal System ....................................................................12

§3. 2 Three Subsystems ............................................................................................ 13

§3.2.1 Attitude ...................................................................................................... 13

§3.2.2 Engagement ............................................................................................... 19

§3.2.3 Graduation ................................................................................................. 25

§3.3 Appraisal System and Genre ............................................................................. 31

Chapter Four The Appraisal Analysis of PIA .............................................................. 32

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摘要：

iAcknowledgementsIwouldliketothankinthefirstinstancemysupervisor，AssociateProfessorGaoJun,forherencouragementandsupportthroughouttheprocess.Sherecommendedbookstomeattheverystartingstageofthewriting,carefullyreadthedraftsofthisthesisandofferedvaluablesuggestions.Iamparticularlyimpressedbyherprofoundk...

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