语言中的相关性和相似性

VIP免费

3.0 陈辉 2024-11-20 4 4 517.65KB 50 页 15积分

Contents

中文摘要

Abstract

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................1

2. Relevance ..................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 The level of vocabulary ........................................................................................3

2.1.1 Relevance in categorization ....................................................................... 3

2.1.2 Relevance in understanding lexical meaning .............................................4

2.1.3 Relevance in lexical meaning setting .........................................................5

2.1.3.1Contiguity in lexical meaning setting ............................................... 6

2.1.3.2 Correlation in the setting of lexical meaning ................................... 7

2.2 The level of syntax ............................................................................................... 8

2.3 The level of sentence meaning .............................................................................9

2.4 The level of text ................................................................................................. 11

2.4.1 Cohesion in a text .....................................................................................11

2.4.2 Informality of text .................................................................................... 13

2.4.3 Expression method of text ....................................................................... 14

2.4.3.1 Narration ........................................................................................ 14

2.4.3.2 Description ..................................................................................... 15

2.4.3.3 Exposition ...................................................................................... 15

2.4.3.4 Argumentation ................................................................................16

2.4.4 Brain’s textual processing ........................................................................ 17

3. Similarity ................................................................................................................... 22

3.1 The level of sound ..............................................................................................23

3.2 The level of word ............................................................................................... 24

3.2.1 Similarity in categorization ......................................................................24

3.2.2 Similarity in lexical meaning setting ....................................................... 25

3.2.3 Image schema and similarity ................................................................... 26

3.2.4 Quantitative iconicity, proximity iconicity, and sequencing iconicity at

the word level ....................................................................................................28

3.3 The level of syntax ............................................................................................. 29

3.4 The level of sentence meaning ...........................................................................30

3.5 The level of text ................................................................................................. 33

3.5.1 Textual structure and textual meaning ..................................................... 33

3.5.2 Text as a source model ............................................................................. 34

4. Combination of relevance and similarity ................................................................34

4.1 Combination of relevance and similarity between conceptual meanings ..........34

4.2 Combination of relevance and similarity between linguistic forms .................. 37

5. Relevance, similarity and translation ......................................................................39

5.1 Relevance, similarity and word translation ........................................................39

Relevance and Similarity in Language

5.2 Relevance ,similarity, and rhetorical skill translation ........................................ 41

6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 43

Reference ........................................................................................................................45

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 47

在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ............................................ 48

1. Introduction

In 1916, F.D. Saussure, a Swiss linguist, published his book the course on

general linguistics. The book produces a deep and wide influence on the field of

linguistics and it marks the beginning of modern linguistics. F.D. Saussure therefore is

regarded as te father of modern linguistics. In his book, when discussing the qualities

of language, F.D. Saussure firstly pointed out that language has a quality of

arbitrariness which states that there is not any link between language form and its

meaning. Language，in the view of F.D. Saussure, is an independent kingdom secluded

from the objective world. From then on, arbitrariness has been a dominant viewpoint,

which many linguists have not challenged for a long time. Even though a small

number of linguists once challenged arbitrariness, their viewpoints were, to a large

extent, ignored.

With the development of human civilization in recent years, there have been

steady progresses in linguistics and its relevant sciences such as cognitive science,

sociology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, logic and so on. From 1980s of the

20th century, cognitive linguistics, a new branch of linguistics, has gradually come

into being and been developing in acceleration. Since 1960s of the last century,

Transformational-Generative grammar founded by Noam Chomsky has been the

dominant linguistic school. Cognitive linguistics has been established in the opposition

against Transformational-Generative grammar and therefore there is a discrepancy

between them .The philosophical basis of cognitive linguistics is empiricalism .The

empiricalist cognitive view of cognitive linguistics mainly includes the following

aspects :(1) thought is embodied, that is to say, the structure which connects concepts

originates from body experience. (2) Thought is imaginative .The concepts which are

not directly related with body experience result from the application of metaphor,

metonymy and image schemas by imagination. Metaphor, metonymy and image

schemas are based on body experience. (3) Thought is not atomic and it has gestalt

properties .The empiricalist linguistic view of cognitive linguistics mainly includes the

following aspects :(1) Language is a conceptual category and it must be studied by

reference to human beings’ physical experience, social environment, cognitive

mechanism, thinking pattern and so on. Language ability is a part of human beings’

cognitive ability and the principle of language use is included in the general principle

of human cognition. (2) Language structure is motivated by human beings’ conceptual

knowledge, body experience, language functions and so on .In other words, language

form and its meaning are interrelated. Language form has motivation, that is to say the

structure of language is similar to the structure of the world. Cognitive linguists have

Relevance and Similarity in Language

issued a challenge to F.D.saussure’s arbitrariness, which has attracted more and more

linguists’ attention. (3) Syntax is not an autonomous unit as proposed by Noam

Chomsky. Sounds, vocabulary, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and other levels of

language, with the semantic level as a hub, are interrelated and constitute language

together. (4) Semantics is related not only with truth condition but also with human

beings’ subjective and developing world.

Relevance refers to mutual dependence between things and similarity means that

things are alike or the same. Modern cognitive scientists think that relevance and

similarity reflect the ways that things are related to each other and they are both

important contents and important methods of human cognition. Cognitive linguists

also emphasize relevance and similarity. They think that in language expression, based

on similarity and relevance, a concept in one cognitive model is used to express

another concept in the same cognitive model or in a different model. A cognitive

model is a term which covers all the stored cognitive representations that belong to a

certain field .The art of language expression, therefore, is enriched.

In the present days, many western linguists are delving into the study of

cognitive linguistics. In America, there are two study centers representing two schools,

one of which is called San Diego school and the other of which is called Berkeley

school .The main theories established by the two schools include Langacker’s

cognitive grammar, Fauconnier’s mental space theory, Lakeoff’s metaphor theory, and

Fillmore’s frame semantics and construction grammar. Comparatively, the linguists in

our country began the study in the field later than the western peers. Now some

Chinese linguists have turned their eyes onto the study and got some achievements in

it. In this paper, the author will discuss the reflection of relevance and similarity at

different levels of language so as to deepen understanding laws in language.

2. Relevance

Relevance refers to mutual dependence between things. In logical terms,

relevance refers to close connection between two conceptual meanings. It can be

divided into two kinds: contiguity and correlation. Contiguity exists between two

closely related things which are independent entities, e.g. reason and result, intention

and instrument, content and container, persons or things and the space and time in

which they exist, action and patient, action and ability to take action, action and

manner of taking action, the objective world and the subjective world, and so on so

forth. Correlation refers to the relationship between 2 things which are constituents of

a whole, e.g. whole and part, abstract and concrete, category and category member,

class and subclass (species and genre), single and plural, thing and material, thing and

structure, thing and attribute, and so on so forth.

Relevance, as a kind of logical relation between things, is a universal fact.

However, in terms of concrete things involved with different kinds of relevance,

relevance has cultural peculiarities. Culture refers to the total way of life. Peoples

living in different cultures have different beliefs, customs, institutions, techniques,

objects and etc that characterize their life experience, so sometimes they necessarily

associate things differently. A reason and result relation is thought to exist between a

hooting owl and a misfortune among Chinese people .The kind of relevance between

the two things is thought ludicrous among western people.

Language is a system of symbols expressing concepts. Relevance can be

reflected at several levels of language, and it exits between the meanings of words,

sentences and texts.

2.1 The level of vocabulary

The reflection of relevance at the level of vocabulary will be discussed in the

following three aspects.

2.1.1 Relevance in categorization

There are a huge number of things in the world, which are of different qualities,

colors, shapes and so on. Classification helps human beings to distinguish them. The

process of classification is called categorization and the result of categorization is

called the cognitive category, also named concept, e.g. the animal categories of dog,

cat, pig and etc. Categories can be classified into different levels: basic level categories,

superordinate categories and subordinate categories. Why are basic level categories

basic in comparison with those of the other two levels? One of the most important

reasons is that all members of basic level categories of organisms and concrete objects

文档加载中……请稍候！
如果长时间未打开，您也可以点击刷新试试。

下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便

15 积分 4人已下载

立即下载 VIP免费下载

摘要：

ContentsiContents中文摘要Abstract1.Introduction.................................................................................................................12.Relevance.....................................................................................................................32.1Thelevelofv...

展开>> 收起<<

语言中的相关性和相似性.pdf

共50页,预览5页

还剩页未读，继续阅读

语言中的相关性和相似性

相关推荐

开通VIP享超值会员特权

作者详情

相关内容

推荐作者

热门标签

举报选择: