论黑格尔的市民社会伦理观及其现代意义
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硕士学位论文
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内容摘要
本文以黑格尔的《法哲学原理》为主要文本,以市民社会伦理观为核心
范畴,以国内学者关于黑格尔市民社会理论及其伦理观的研究为基础,以当
代中国社会转型时期社会伦理建构为主要背景,阐述了黑格尔市民社会伦理
观的源起、主要内容、历史影响及其现代意义。全文分为四章,主要内容如
下。
本文第一章主要梳理了黑格尔对资产阶级启蒙思想家契约伦理的批判和
超越。按照社会契约论,市民社会是分散的、原子式的个人的集合,个体道
德意识是全部社会与国家的伦理基础,其本性是理性自利的。除了个体的道
德意识外,所谓民族、国家的伦理精神是没有其真实本性的。这一思想可以
简要地概括为“市民社会道德观”。通过区分“道德”与“伦理”,对“市民
社会道德观”的批判与超越构成了黑格尔市民社会伦理思想的主要思想背景。
本文第二章阐述了黑格尔伦理思想的一般特点以及市民社会伦理观的基
本内涵。从自由意志出发,注重有机整体性,丰富的辩证法,深厚的历史主
义,是黑格尔伦理思想的主要特点,这些特点充分体现在其市民社会伦理观
中。黑格尔在他的法哲学体系中将个体道德与社会伦理进行了区分。道德主
要体现为个体的自由意志,伦理则主要通过社会实体得以传承;道德侧重人
的主观内心生活,伦理侧重于人的客观社会关系;道德侧重个体意识层面,
伦理注重社会精神。在市民社会阶段,个体道德意识起主导作用,但社会伦
理精神仍然是存在的,其主要载体就是同业公会。市民社会伦理是个人权利
(抽象法)和个人道德自由(道德)的“承担者和基础”。由于市民社会自身
的局限性,只有在国家阶段,才能达到道德与伦理的完全统一。
本文第三章阐述了黑格尔的市民社会伦理观在西方产生的重要历史影
响。在理论上,黑格尔市民社会伦理观中的价值取向为当代西方社群主义直
接提供了理论灵感,其核心观点构成了社群主义批判当代西方自由主义的理
论工具。社群主义对黑格尔市民社会伦理观的借鉴主要体现在,麦金太尔、
泰勒、桑德尔等对新自由主义的自由主义理论、原子式个人主义、历史虚无
主义以及权利优先于善等原则进行的强有力的批判。在实践方面,作为普鲁
士官方哲学家和西方历史上思想理论最为宏富的思想巨匠,黑格尔的市民社
会伦理观也通过英美等国的新黑格尔主义对英、美等国家的市民社会伦理的
建构产生了深刻影响,并直接成为德国市民社会伦理精神建构的重要导师。
本文第四章分析了黑格尔市民社会伦理观对当代中国社会转型期社会伦
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理建设的启示。在传统中国几千年的历史中,家国一体、家国同构一直是中
国长兴不衰的体制,家族伦理构成了整个民族、国家的伦理基础。随着中国
整个社会转型的逐步展开,这一格局不可避免地逐步走向解体,中国的伦理
道德体系也必然会发生根本性的转化。这一过程正像黑格尔在其伦理思想中
提出的从家庭向市民社会的过渡一样,从一种伦理共同体向另一种伦理共同
体过渡。其中,通过在社会主义国家的指导下逐步发展健全的市民社会伦理,
以取代传统家族伦理在中国社会中的基础性地位是关键所在。当前中国伦理
道德的根本问题主要在于社会伦理的建设滞后,由此出现了国家意识形态层
面上的道德宣传过于空洞和远离实际,而市民社会发展所激发出来的个体私
欲又没有得到良好的引导,从而引起欲望泛滥产生各种严重的社会问题和政
治腐败。对此,我们不能照搬照抄西方市民社会发展的道路,而要根据自己
的国情和伦理现状制定相应的发展策略。但是,我们也要看到,大量的问题
是具有共性特征的,在这方面我们应该充分吸取西方的经验和教训,正是在
这方面,黑格尔的市民社会伦理观可以为我们提供有益的理论资源和借鉴作
用。
关键词:黑格尔;市民社会;伦理观;现代意义
硕士学位论文
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ABSTRACT
This paper explores origin, main contents, historical influence and modern
significance of Hegel’s civil society ethics, which is based on Hegel’s Elements of
the Philosophy of Right as the main text, and the civil society ethics as the core
category, and Hegel’s civil society theory studied by the scholars at home and
abroad as the foundation, and Chinese society ethical construction during the
social transformation at present as the main background. There are four chapters
in this thesis.
The first chapter mainly describes Hegel’s criticism and transcendence
beyond Enlightment thinkers’ contract ethics. According to Social Contract
Theory, civil society is a set composed of dispersed and atomic person. The whole
ethical foundation of society and country is the individual moral awareness that
the nature of human being is rational and self-interest. And there is no real nature
of ethical spirit of nations except that. This thought can be summarized as ‘civil
society moral concepts’. The criticism and transendence beyond ‘civil society
moral concepts’ based on differences between morality and ethics composes the
main ideological background of Hegel’s civil society ethical theory.
The second chapter expounds the general features of Hegel’s ethical thought
and basic connotation of civil society ethics. Taking the free will as the starting
point, the organic globality, plentiful dialectic method of analysis and profound
historicism are the main features of Hegel’s ethical thought, which embody in his
civil society ethics well. Hegel distinguishes between individual morality and
social ethics in his philosophy of right system. Morality reflects as personal free
will, while ethics inherits through social entity; morality places extra emphasis on
subjective inner life and personal consciousness, while ethics places extra
emphasis on objective social relations and social spirit. In the civil society,
individual moral awareness plays a leading role, while social ethical spirit still
exists, whose vehicle is trade association. Civil society ethics is the ‘undertaker
and foundation’ of individual rights(abstract method) and personal moral
freedom(morality). Because of the limitation of civil society itself, only in a state,
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morality and ethics can be unified completely.
The third chapter is the important historical influence in the West which
comes from Hegel’s civil society ethics. In the theory, the value orientation of
Hegel’s civil society ethics provides theoretical inspiration for modern Western
communalism, and the core viewpoint constitutes the theoretical tool that the
communalism criticizes the liberalism. The development of communalism from
Hegel’s civil society ethics reflects the powerful criticism from communitarians
like MacIntyre, Taylor and Sandel on the new liberalism which includes liberalism
theory, atomic individualism, historical nihilism and the principle right priority to
goodness. In the practice, as the Prussian official philosopher and the greatest
master for his theory in Western history, Hegel’s civil society ethics affects the
ethical construction of civil society in England, France and Amarica and so on
through the neo-hegelianism, and becomes the real tutor of German civil society
ethical construction.
The fourth chapter analyses how Hegel’s civil society ethics enligntens
Chinese social ethical construction at present time, a period of social
transformation. Family and the country as a unified body which means the
family ethics composes the whole national ethical foundation has always been
China’s tradition for thousands of years. This pattern is disintegrating step by step
inevitably, and Chinese ethical system would transform fundamentally with the
social transformation. The transitional process from one ethical community to
another is like the transition from family to civil society in Hegel’s ethical theory.
The key point is that the gradual sound civil society ethics under the guidance of
socialist country is replacing the traditional family ethics which is the basic
position in Chinese society. At present, the underlying problem of Chinese
morality is delayed construction of social ethics. And it appears the moral
education is too empty and far from reality, while the individual selfish desire
from civil society development is not guided better, which leads to various serious
social problems and political corruption. So effective strategies should be deviced
on the basis of China’s conditions and ethical situations, and we can’t
indiscriminately imitate the way Western civil society develops. But there are
many problems in China that have similar characteristics with Western countries,
so the experiences and lessons from the west can be learnt. It is in this way that
Hegel’s civil society ethics provides useful theoretical resources and references
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and guides our research.
Keywords: Hegel; civil society; ethics; modern significance
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目录
前言..........................................................................................................................1
第一章 黑格尔对启蒙思想家市民社会道德观的批判和超越........................... 8
第一节 启蒙思想家的市民社会道德观.........................................................8
第二节 黑格尔对启蒙思想家市民社会道德观的批判和超越...................12
第二章 黑格尔市民社会伦理观的基本内涵..................................................... 20
第一节 黑格尔伦理思想的一般特点...........................................................20
第二节 黑格尔的市民社会伦理观...............................................................24
第三章 黑格尔市民社会伦理观的历史影响..................................................... 30
第一节 黑格尔市民社会伦理观对现代西方社群主义的影响...................30
第二节 黑格尔市民社会伦理观在现代西方市民社会伦理建构中的历史
影响.................................................................................................................35
第四章 黑格尔市民社会伦理观对转型期中国市民社会伦理建设的启示..... 41
第一节 中西方市民社会生成的机制比较...................................................41
第二节 当前中国市民社会伦理的基本状况...............................................43
第三节 当前中国市民社会伦理建设的基本思路.......................................45
参考文献................................................................................................................49
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硕士学位论文I内容摘要本文以黑格尔的《法哲学原理》为主要文本,以市民社会伦理观为核心范畴,以国内学者关于黑格尔市民社会理论及其伦理观的研究为基础,以当代中国社会转型时期社会伦理建构为主要背景,阐述了黑格尔市民社会伦理观的源起、主要内容、历史影响及其现代意义。全文分为四章,主要内容如下。本文第一章主要梳理了黑格尔对资产阶级启蒙思想家契约伦理的批判和超越。按照社会契约论,市民社会是分散的、原子式的个人的集合,个体道德意识是全部社会与国家的伦理基础,其本性是理性自利的。除了个体的道德意识外,所谓民族、国家的伦理精神是没有其真实本性的。这一思想可以简要地概括为“市民社会道德观”。通过区分“道德”与“伦...
作者:李江
分类:高等教育资料
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时间:2024-09-20