西方修辞学策略在科幻电影阿凡达中的运用

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my heartful thanks to my teachers, my friends and my family.

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor,

Professor Deng Zhiyong, for introducing me to the rhetorical research, providing me

with tremendous materials and helping me overcome the difficulties during the whole

process of my thesis writing. In addition, his serious attitude towards academic

studies and easy-going personality impressed me a lot. Without his guidance and

encouragements, this thesis could hardly been materialized.

My heartfelt thanks also go to other distinguished professors and the staff of

School of Foreign Language ，namely, Professor Lü Le, Professor Wang Bin,

Professor Ni Rong, Professor Jiang Cheng, Professor Yu Jinhong, Professor Han

Geling, etc. Their valuable suggestions and help are quite important to my fulfillment

of this thesis. My appreciation also goes to USST which has offered me valuable

resources for my postgraduate education.

In addition, many thanks are given to my fellow graduate students. Their

assistance and encouragements to my work have been extremely valuable.

Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude

to my parents and my brother. Special thanks go to my dear brother, who gives me

constant encouragement and confidence to make my way in life. Without their love

and support, I would never have gained my achievements today.

ABSTRACT

We human beings are paying much more attention to our mental enjoyment with

the improvement of our material life. Watching movies becomes one popular way of

mental enjoyment. Therefore, this thesis takes the movie Avatar as a sample to

analyze the application of rhetorical strategies in this movie on the basis of western

rhetorical theory.

The reason why the author takes the movie Avatar as a sample is that Avatar is

typical of the sci-fi movie. Since Avatar, a well-known movie which makes a deep

impression on the people around the world, gains a great achievement, there must

exist some certain factors which persuade the audiences. Movie is also rhetoric. By

the form of movie, the directors or the actors make the audiences naturally accept

their ideas, attitudes, emotions, etc.

This thesis starts with the introduction of the definition of rhetoric and Burke’s

theory of identification. Based on the definition of rhetoric, the author analyzes some

factors in movie, for instance, the idea or the theme of the movie that the director

wants to deliver to the audience. Then the author explores Burke’s theory of

identification. The author focuses on the three basic ways of identification when she

studies this theory. Through analyzing how these three basic ways of identification

are applied in the movie, the author concludes that they play an important role in

persuading the audience. On the basis of Aristotle’s artistic proofs and enthymeme,

the author also analyzes how the audience accepts the actor’s character and the

arrangement of the movie.

Through a rhetorical analysis of Avatar, we arrive at a conclusion that western

rhetorical strategies are indispensable to a great piece of movie. The more skillful

western rhetorical methods are used in movie, the more easily audience will accept

what the movie conveys, and accordingly, the more persuasive the movie is. And in

this way, the director can make more fantastic movies which influence the whole

world.

The author hopes this thesis can throw a light on the development of western

rhetoric and the development of movie business.

Key words: western rhetoric, persuasion, identification, Avatar

iii

摘要

随着社会物质生活水平的提高，人们越来越注重精神生活上的享受。选择看

电影，已成为人们精神享受的一种方式。因此，本文将以近期影响颇深的电影《阿

凡达》为例，借助西方修辞学的相关理论，探讨该部影片中所存在的一些修辞策

略，以得出该部科幻电影对广大观众产生深远影响的原因。

作者之所以以电影《阿凡达》为文本，对其从修辞学角度进行分析，是因为

它极具代表性。作为一部影响全世界的电影，既然能取得如此成就，说明影片中

肯定存在很多说服观众的因素。电影本身也是一种修辞，它的修辞性体现在运用

影片中演员的言语行为及背景安排，使观众接受影片导演及演员所想表达的思

想、态度、感情等。

本文从介绍修辞学的概念和肯尼迪·伯克的同一理论开始，分析了电影影响

观众的一些因素，比如：电影所要表达的思想或主题。在研究伯克的同一理论时，

作者还分析了该理论里所提到的“达成同一”的三个方法。通过分析这三个方法，

本文作者得出了这些方法在电影中的运用可以大大提高电影的认可度。接着，作

者还介绍了肯尼迪·伯克的五位一体理论，该理论可以透彻的分析电影《阿凡达》

里场景编排的目的及演员态度变化的原因等。最后，作者运用亚里士多德的修辞

三诉诸及三段论分析了该影片里演员的人品，情感及整部电影的逻辑安排是如何

被观众所接受的。

通过对电影《阿凡达》的修辞分析，我们得出：一部成功的电影作品，是离

不开西方修辞学策略的。西方修辞学策略在影片中运用的越有技巧，影片的说服

力就越大，说服力越大，才会得到广大观众的认可。从而导演才能制造出更多影

响世界的作品。

作者希望本文的研究内容能够给修辞学的发展，影视事业的发展及修辞学与

影视之间的交叉性知识科学的发展带来微薄之力。

关键词：西方修辞学说服同一《阿凡达》

List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 The standard camera shots using different length lenses………………….7

Fig. 3.1 Richards’ diagram of the relationship reference, symbol, and referent…12

Fig. 3.2 Basic structure of typical argument……………………………………...22

Fig. 3.3 Identification works as both the means and the end……………………..24

Fig. 3.4 Identification by three proofs in Rhetoric………………………………..26

Fig. 3.5 Kinneavy’s communication triangle………………………..……………28

Fig. 3.6 Three modes of rhetorical persuasion……………………………………31

Fig.4.1 Identification by visual scenes in Avatar…………………………………33

Fig.4.2. Identification by three basic ways……………………………………….35

Fig.4.3 Identification by antithesis in Avatar…………………………………..…36

Fig.4.4 The changed relationship among these three groups……………………..37

Fig.4.5 Identification by antithesis in Avatar…………………………………..…38

Fig.4.6 Human needs hierarchy…………………………………………………..38

Fig.4.7 Toulmin’s Model of argumentation in Avatar…………………………….39

Fig.4.8 Identification by accuracy in Avatar…………………………………...…40

Fig.4.9 Toulmin’s Model of argumentation in Avatar………………………….…45

Fig.4.10 Neytiri’s different attitudes towards Jack…..…………………………...49

Fig.4.11 Toulmin’s Model of argumentation in Avatar………………………...…54

Fig.4.12 Toulmin’s Model of argumentation in practice………………………….55

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................ iii

List of Figures ............................................................................................................iv

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................... 2

1.2 The Structure of This Thesis .............................................................................. 3

Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................4

2.1 Researches on Rhetorical Issues in Movies at Home and Abroad ..................... 5

2.2 Previous Studies on Cinematographic Techniques.............................................7

2.3 Previous Studies on the Avatar ........................................................................... 9

2.3.1 A Brief Introduction of Avatar .....................................................................10

2.3.2 Achievement of Avatar ................................................................................ 11

Chapter 3 Theoretical Preliminaries ...........................................................................11

3.1 Kenneth Burke’s Definition of Rhetoric ...........................................................11

3.2 Kenneth Burke’s Identification ........................................................................ 14

3.2.1 Identification and Persuasion ...................................................................... 15

3.2.2 Three Basic Ways of Identification ............................................................. 16

3.3 Kenneth Burke’s Pentad ................................................................................... 18

3.4 Aristotle’s Three Proofs in Rhetoric ................................................................. 26

3.4.1 Ethos .........................................................................................................27

3.4.2. Pathos ......................................................................................................... 28

3.4.3 Logos ...........................................................................................................29

Chapter 4 A Critique of the Sci-fi Movie of Avatar ................................................... 32

4.1 Kenneth Burke’s Identification ........................................................................ 32

4.1.1 Visual Identification with Audience ............................................................33

4.1.2 Three Basic Ways of Identification in Avatar ..............................................35

4.2 Kenneth Burke’s Pentad in Avatar ....................................................................42

4.3 Aristotle’s Three Artistic Proofs in Rhetoric .................................................... 43

4.3.1 Ethos in Avatar ............................................................................................ 43

4. 3.2 Pathos in Avatar ..........................................................................................46

4.3.3 Logos in Avatar ........................................................................................... 48

Chapter 5 Conclusion .................................................................................................57

5.1 A Brief Summary of the Findings .....................................................................57

5.2 Limitations ........................................................................................................59

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................60

在读期间公开发表的论文 ........................................................................................64

Chapter 1 Introduction

The Application of Western Rhetorical Strategies in Sci-fi Movie Avatar

1.1 Background of the Study

The Avatar which was showed in Jan. 2010 has gained a great success owning to

its high-technology and meaningful subject. In the aspect of high-technology, it

makes a deep impression on the audience. The movie applies the most advanced 3D

skills which make its spectators experience the world but not merely watch the movie

any longer. In terms of its subject, the movie refers to war and peace, friendship and

love. More importantly, it also mentions the hot topic, natural harmony as well as

environment protection. All of these touch the human beings’ souls and warn the

audience to keep a distance from war and disharmony, to treasure love, protect our

environment and at the same time, not to put pain on the others for the sake of one’s

own benefit.

The Avatar is a sci-fi movie filled with a great many illusionary factors, so it

leaves a capacious room for its audience to imagine whatever they want. Sci-fi movie

can make the audience find something that people can’t see in reality and feel the

lives that they can’t experience. It can also make people stay in the circumstances

where they can realize their dreams. In rhetorical words, the actors’ behavior in movie

satisfies the audiences’ expectation. Although these are just visionary, some aspiring

movies can stimulate people to strive for what they want to gain in their lives.

Rhetoric takes persuasion as its means as well as its purpose. As far as

persuasion is concerned, there must be orators and audiences. Because the director

uses many western rhetorical strategies to persuade the audience to watch it, we can

conclude Avatar is a great piece of rhetorical work as well as an eloquent speaker.

The actors in movie will also perform logically according to the director’s

assignment. In other words, they have to do what they should do in a certain plot. The

director’s arrangements make the audience spiritually enlightened. Thanks to these

artful rhetorical strategies which are employed profoundly in Avatar, the

interrelationships among the director, the actors, and the audiences finally achieve

identification. The fantastic influence of this movie lies exactly in its sound rhetorical

strategies. Nevertheless, no one has studied this great movie from the perspective of

western rhetoric, so the author of this thesis will make a tentative analysis on it by

applying the rhetorical strategies in western rhetoric.

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iACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIwishtoexpressmyheartfulthankstomyteachers,myfriendsandmyfamily.Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorDengZhiyong,forintroducingmetotherhetoricalresearch,providingmewithtremendousmaterialsandhelpingmeovercomethedifficultiesduringthewholeprocessofmyth...

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