戏剧主义修辞批评视角下的314西藏新闻分析

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3.0 陈辉 2024-11-19 5 4 853.71KB 73 页 15积分

侵权投诉

ABSTRACT

The 3·14 Tibet Riot was an affair of big influence in 2008. On smelling the event

then, journalists from home and abroad rushed to give their instant reports. Among

these reports, however, there appeared some ones deviating from the truth, a

phenomenon which naturally arouses critics’ interests. Different from the present

critical articles on these news reports, this thesis takes a dramatistic perspective which

receives greater popularity over the others within the field of rhetorical criticism. This

perspective especially owes its theories to Kenneth Burke, the greatest rhetorician after

Aristotle. It views language as symbolic action as well as drama, aiming to figure out

the rhetorical motives behind various discourse.

Dramatistic criticism, as a paradigm, mainly includes three approaches, namely

pentadic analysis, fantasy theme analysis and narrative approach. What this thesis

adopts is the most influential one — pentadic analysis. Its theoretical bases are traced to

the humanistic and linguistic views in the theoretical part of this thesis. With respect to

its operation process, this approach first identifies the five pentadic elements of a

rhetorical act, then locates the dominant one through an analysis of the pentadic ratios

the elements form, and finally explores the rhetorical motives beneath the discourse.

For the sake of sample analysis, the author selects two contrastive as well as

representative news reports from the famous The Economist and Time respectively.

When analyzing them, the author abides by a main line of pentadic analysis’ working

process and refers to a subsidiary line of news writing process. Yet, a simple following

of these two lines is not enough for doing the research. To assist the analysis, the author

employs three other notions — argument, terministic screen and identification. The first

two are adopted to aid the explanation of how reporters direct readers’ attention to the

deflected reality they make, while the latter one is used to show how reporters and

readers reach a consensus. Following the respective analyses of the two samples, the

author makes a comparison between them, summing up their distinct ways of discourse

construction and their different worlds created.

Through a dramatistic approach to two sample reports on the 3·14 Tibet Riot, this

thesis detects that Sample One sets the pentadic term of purpose as dominant in the riot

and depicts a reality of a gang of Tibetan mobs committing unforgivable crimes,

whereas Sample Two lays the pentadic term of scene as the decisive and portraits a

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picture of some Tibetans fighting for “freedom.” Judging from the news principle of

objectivity, Sample One is a fairly comprehensive report consistent with this principle

while Sample Two is an unfair report being one-sided and misleading. Such a difference

is evidently reflected in their distinct ways of discourse construction driven by their own

rhetorical motives. By carrying out such a research, the author hopes that her findings

could contribute a little to news discourse analysis on the 3·14 Tibet Riot as well as to

the application of dramatistic criticism in news’ domain. More importantly, the author

hopes this thesis could arouse the domestic attention to the power of rhetoric, showing

some hints for issues like national solidarity maintenance, world image building, state

sovereignty defence, and so on.

Key Words: dramatistic criticism, pentadic analysis, news discourse

analysis, terministic screen, identification

摘要

2008 年 3 月 14 日，一群西藏暴徒在拉萨实施了一系列打、砸、抢、烧等严重

犯罪事件。事件发生后，各国媒体争相报道，而对于这一事件采用不同报道角度、

持有不同立场的新闻现象也随之呈现。从新闻客观性原则来看，这些报道有的遵

守了客观性原则，有的却是严重偏离了事实，误导了读者。很快，这一新闻现象

引起了批评家们的广泛关注，并使得相关批评性文章纷纷出现。与传统的话语批

评方式不同，本文采用了修辞批评中最受青睐的戏剧主义修辞批评范式。该范式

的理论主要来源于继 Aristotle 之后最伟大的美国修辞学家 Kenneth Burke 的思想。

他认为语言是象征行动、是戏剧，旨在通过对语言的戏剧性分析找出其背后的修

辞动机。

戏剧主义修辞批评范式主要包括戏剧五因素分析法、幻象分析法和叙事范式

分析法，其中本文运用的戏剧五因素分析法最具影响力。该分析法的理论基础在

本文的理论部分有人性论、语言论两个角度的详细论述。其操作过程则主要可以

分为三个步骤：首先确认所研究修辞行动的五个戏剧性要素，其次通过分析五因

素构成的基本关系对子找出主导性因素，进而解析该话语的事实构建过程，最后

挖掘出该话语背后隐藏的修辞动机。

本文的两篇分析对象分别来自于英国著名杂志《经济学家》以及美国杂志《时

代》。除均来自权威，这两篇新闻报道还代表了国外媒体对于 3·14 西藏事件两

种对立的观点。在进行实例分析时，作者主要遵循了戏剧主义的五因素分析法，

同时参考新闻语篇的创作过程，将其作为本文实例分析的一条辅助性思路。因此，

本文的实例分析包含了以戏剧五因素分析法的操作过程为主、新闻语篇创作过程

为辅的两条思路。然而，仅凭这两点并不能充分地完成新闻语篇分析。为此，作

者引入了另外三个重要的概念——辩论、术语规范和同一。前两者有助于解释新

闻报道者如何将读者的注意力引导到其构建的现实中去，后者则指出了报道者和

读者达成共识的方式。最后，作者将文中的两篇新闻话语做了对比分析，总结了

这两篇报道不同的语篇构建方式及其呈现给读者的不同世界。概括而言，本文的

实例分析是在戏剧五因素操作的框架下，参照新闻语篇的创作过程，结合辩论、

术语规范和同一这三个重要概念进行的。

通过对 3·14 西藏新闻语篇的戏剧主义修辞批评，本文发现：实例一中的 3·14

西藏事件是一次以“目的”因素为主导的，由一群西藏暴徒实施的严重犯罪事件；

而在实例二中，该事件则被描写成了以“场景”因素为主导的西藏“自由战”。

从新闻客观性原则来看，实例一的报道方式是客观的、公正的，实例二则是误导

的、歪曲事实的。它们的差异清晰地体现在了这两篇报道不同的语篇构建方式上，

而造成这些不同构建方式的正是隐藏在各自话语背后不同的修辞动机。作者希望，

本文的研究不仅可以为 3·14 西藏新闻现象的批评略尽绵力，对戏剧主义修辞批

评在新闻语篇领域的运用起到一定的推进作用，更能够引起国内对修辞力量的重

视，为在当今形势下如何争取话语权、维护民族团结、树立良好国际形象、保卫

国家主权等问题提供一些思考。

关键词: 戏剧主义修辞批评戏剧五因素分析法新闻话语分析术语

规范同一

List of Tables & Charts

Table One ........................................................................................................................35

Table Two ....................................................................................................................... 38

Table Three ..................................................................................................................... 46

Table Four ....................................................................................................................... 49

Chart One ........................................................................................................................ 55

Chart Two ....................................................................................................................... 55

Table Five ....................................................................................................................... 58

Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................ii

摘要 ............................................................................................................................. iv

Chapter One Introduction ..............................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Research ............................................................................... 1

1.2 Significance of the Research ...............................................................................2

1.3 Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................. 4

Chapter Two Literature Review .................................................................................... 6

2.1 Rhetorical Criticism ............................................................................................ 6

2.1.1 Development of Rhetorical Criticism .......................................................... 6

2.1.2 Application of Dramatistic Criticism ...........................................................7

2.2 News Discourse Analysis ....................................................................................8

2.2.1 Previous Approaches to News Discourse Analysis ......................................8

2.2.2 A Comment on Previous Approaches to News Discourse ......................... 11

2.3 Summary ........................................................................................................... 12

Chapter Three The Model of Dramatistic Criticism ................................................. 13

3.1 Defining Dramatistic Criticism .........................................................................13

3.2 Theoretical Bases of Dramatistic Criticism ...................................................... 14

3.2.1 A Humanistic View .................................................................................... 14

3.2.2 A Linguistic View ...................................................................................... 16

3.2.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 18

3.3 Operation of Dramatistic Criticism ...................................................................19

3.3.1 Defining Pentadic Analysis ........................................................................19

3.3.2 Pentadic Ratios and Argument ...................................................................21

3.3.3 Pentad and Terministic Screen ................................................................... 23

3.3.4 Pentad and Identification ........................................................................... 25

3.3.5 Summary .................................................................................................... 27

Chapter Four Analyses of Foreign News Reports on the 3·14 Tibet Riot ................29

4.1 Writing of News Reports .................................................................................. 29

4.2 Sample Analyses ............................................................................................... 30

4.2.1 Sample One ................................................................................................ 31

4.2.1.1 A General View of the Report .............................................................33

4.2.1.2 Pentadic Analysis of the Report .......................................................... 34

4.2.1.3 Terministic Screens and Identification ................................................39

4.2.1.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 42

4.2.2 Sample Two ................................................................................................43

4.2.2.1 A General View of the Report .............................................................45

4.2.2.2 Pentadic Analysis ................................................................................ 46

4.2.2.3 Terministic Screens and Identification ................................................50

4.2.2.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 53

4.3 A Comparison Between the Two Samples ........................................................ 54

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摘要：

iiABSTRACTThe3·14TibetRiotwasanaffairofbiginfluencein2008.Onsmellingtheeventthen,journalistsfromhomeandabroadrushedtogivetheirinstantreports.Amongthesereports,however,thereappearedsomeonesdeviatingfromthetruth,aphenomenonwhichnaturallyarousescritics’interests.Differentfromthepresentcriticalarticleso...

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