语用标记语及《老友记》中Well的语用翻译研究

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ABSTRACT

Since the 1970s, great interest has been shown in the study on Pragmatic Markers

(hereafter PMs in short). Linguists, particularly pragmaticians, make an extensive

research on PMs, a common phenomenon in most languages. They usually do not

compose the truth semantic content of discourse, but provide the clues to discourse

expression and comprehension, and contribute to achieve coherence in the discourse.

There are many similarities and differences between English and Chinese pragmatic

markers. Therefore, researches on the translation of English and Chinese PMs are of

great theoretical and practical significance.

Despite the abundance of researches, however, there is no general agreement upon

the term for this language phenomenon or how they are defined as well as how they

function. This thesis surveys the classifications and multifunctions of PMs on the basis

of previous studies in this field, and adopts translation theories to analyze the translation

of well in interactive discourse from English into Chinese. The transcripts of American

sitcom Friends both in English and Chinese versions are employed as the data for this

thesis.

The pragmatic markers in interactive conversation or oral discourse are of high

frequency. Pragmatic markers are mostly used for the production of coherent

conversation and, in particular, to manifest the speaker’s intentions. In general, there is

no one-to-one correspondence between pragmatic markers in two languages. The basic

problem for translators is that any pragmatic marker has numerous possible translations

and that these translations do not appear to be based on a semantic analysis of the

expressions used but rather on a pragmatic analysis.

In this paper, Functional- Relevance Approach is adopted to translate PMs which is

based on the Functional Equivalence Theory of Eugene Nida and Relevance Theoretical

Approach to translation of Gutt. Procedurally, the translation of pragmatic markers

involves identifying the pragmatic function they are being used to mark and selecting an

appropriate equivalent in the target language given that function which has the optimal

relevance to the target receptors.

Pragmatic markers are so pervasively used in daily communication that a good

command of employing and understanding pragmatic markers not only helps us to

iii

process our communication smoothly but also helps us to achieve coherence in the

discourse. Therefore, the study of translation of PMs is of great instructive significance

for both translation and study of English as a second language.

Key Words: Pragmatic Markers (PMs), Textual Function,

Interpersonal function, translation

摘要

自20 世纪 70 年代起，语言学家特别是语用学家对语用标记语产生了浓厚的

兴趣并对其进行了广泛深入的研究。语用标记语是绝大多数语言中常见的语言现

象，通常对于语篇来说没有真值语义意义，却能为语篇的表达和理解提供线索，

并使语篇连贯，充分表达交际意图。英汉两种语用标记语有很多相同和不同之处，

因此对英汉语用标记语翻译的研究有着重要的理论价值和实践意义。

虽然对英语语用标记语的研究繁多并已硕果累累，但在很多方面仍未能达成

一致，如语用标记语的术语和功能。本文在前人研究的基础上着重总结语用标记

语的分类和多种语用功能，并结合翻译理论着重分析交际语篇中语用标记语 well

的翻译。美国连续剧 Friends 及其中文译本《老友记》是本文的主要语料。

语用标记语在交际语篇中即口语中的应用极为广泛，但在说明语篇中比较少。

语用标记语主要是使语篇连贯，尤其是表明说话者用语的意图。一般来说，语用

标记语在任何两种语言中没有一对一的完全对应。语用标记语带给译者的基本问

题是每个标记语都有数种可能的翻译，并且不是建立在语义而是语用的基础上。

本文采用功能—关联的方法分析语用标记语的翻译，该理论是建立在 Nida 功能对

等理论和 Gutt 用关联理论解释翻译的基础上。语用标记语的翻译在程序上应该包

括识别标记语的功能和在目的语中选择恰当对等并能引起目的语受众最大关联的

表达方式。

语用标记语在日常语言使用中几乎无处不在，对其正确的使用和理解不仅有

助于我们更好的理解他人的话语，还可以使自己的话语更加连贯。对语用标记语

翻译的研究对于英语翻译和学习都具有重要的指导意义。

关键词：语用标记语篇章功能人际功能翻译

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………...i

ABSTRACT…………………….....................................................................................ii

摘要…………………………………………………………………………………..…iv

Chapter One Introduction ..............................................................................................1

1.1 Research Background .......................................................................................... 1

1. 2 Research Objectives............................................................................................2

1.3 Significance of the Study.....................................................................................3

1.4 Structure of this Thesis ........................................................................................ 3

Chapter Two Literature Review .................................................................................... 5

2.1Previous Studies on English Pragmatic Markers.................................................. 5

2.1.1 Discourse-Coherence Perspective ..............................................................5

2.1.2 Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective ...............................................................6

2.1.3 Syntactic-Pragmatic Perspective ................................................................7

2.2 Previous Studies on Chinese Pragmatic Markers ................................................ 7

2.2.1 Syntactic-Semantic perspective................................................................. 8

2.2.2 Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective ...............................................................9

2.3 Diversified Terminology...................................................................................... 9

2.4 Summary............................................................................................................ 11

Chapter Three Functions of Pragmatic Markers and the Translation Framework13

3.1 Properties of PMs...............................................................................................13

3.1.1 Working Term — Pragmatic Markers ......................................................13

3.1.2 Characteristics of PMs ............................................................................. 15

3.1.3 Classification of Pragmatic Markers........................................................16

3.2 Functions of PMs............................................................................................... 18

3.3 Translation of Pragmatic Markers ......................................................................20

3.3.1 A Brief Review of Translation Theories .................................................. 20

3.3.1.1 Functional Equivalence Theory .................................................... 21

3.3.1.2 Relevance Theoretical Account of Translation with PMs.............22

3.4 Framework for the Translation of PMs..............................................................23

3.4.1 Functional-Relevance Approach..............................................................23

3.4.2 Structural Differences between English and Chinese Language ............. 23

3.4.3 Brief Review of Translation of Pragmatic Markers.................................25

3.5 Summary............................................................................................................ 25

Chapter Four Translation of the PM Well in Friends: A Case Study ....................... 27

4.1 Description of the Target Data........................................................................... 27

4.2 Previous Studies on PM Well ............................................................................. 28

4.3 Function Types of Well as a PM.........................................................................28

4.3.1 Textual Function ...................................................................................... 29

4.3.2 Interpersonal Function ............................................................................. 30

4.4 Translation of Well in Friends............................................................................ 30

4.4.1 Translation of Well as Textual Function...................................................30

4.4.2 Translation of Well as Interpersonal Function ..........................................38

4.5 Summary............................................................................................................ 44

Chapter Five Conclusion ..............................................................................................46

5.1 Summary of the Present Study...........................................................................46

5.2 Implications........................................................................................................47

5.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Further Study................48

Bibliography................................................................................................................... 48

在读期间公开发表的论文…………………………………………………………….54

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Research Background

Most languages have a special kind of expressions, such as well,you know,I

mean,Oh,in other words,after all,actually,so,and in English and 你知道,说老实话,

换句话说,如此说来,众所周知,不过,总而言之 in Chinese. They frequently appear in

daily communication. As the following examples show:

(1)Rachel: Well actually thanks, but I think I’m just gonna hang out here tonight. It’s been

kinda a long day.

(2) Ross: Okay. You know you probably didn’t know this, but back in high school, I had a,

um, major crush on you.

(3)Chandler: Yeah, I think for us, kissing is pretty much like an opening act, y’know?I mean

it’s like the stand-up comedian you have to sit through before Pink Floyd comes

out.

(4) Ross: I have to say you are a much bigger person than I am. I mean after all we’ve been

through, I just—y’know I wish I had a brother to reciprocate.

-----Friends

(5)张香华：

非常中肯地说

，

我想

我们属于中下阶层。

(6) 柏杨：

其实我一直认为

她为国家和人民还是做了很多事的……

(7)

恰恰相反

，柏杨要的是更真实的,更健全的民族自尊。

(8)

谁都知道

柏杨用“酱缸文化”来指称中国传统文化……

(9)

既然如此

，反对柏杨是没有意义的，那等于是重新蒙起自己的双眼……

-----《丑陋的中国人》

All of the expressions in italic above include words and phrases. Apparently they

seem to be grammatically optional and semantically or functionally unmotivated. They

have also been seen figuratively as “the oil which help us perform the complex task of

spontaneous speech production and interaction smoothly and efficiently” (Crystal 1975),

the “discourse lubricant” (Edmondson), the “conversational greaser” (Wong Fillmore

1999), and the “discourse glue” (Fraser 1990:385) on the one hand, and as “traffic

markers” (Enkvist 1994:58) on the other hand. (Cited by Jucker 1993)

Although researches on such expressions are various and fruitful, however, there is

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摘要：

iiABSTRACTSincethe1970s,greatinteresthasbeenshowninthestudyonPragmaticMarkers(hereafterPMsinshort).Linguists,particularlypragmaticians,makeanextensiveresearchonPMs,acommonphenomenoninmostlanguages.Theyusuallydonotcomposethetruthsemanticcontentofdiscourse,butprovidethecluestodiscourseexpressionandcom...

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