微型无创骨折应力传感器的设计及实验研究

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3.0 高德中 2024-11-19 5 4 3.45MB 138 页 15积分

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摘要

长期以来，骨折延迟愈合与骨不连一直是临床骨科面临的难题，造成这一现

象的根本原因是缺乏对活体骨骼创伤断面应力环境的实时检测与精确控制。骨折

创伤断面的应力环境比较复杂，目前尚无有效的对骨折创伤断面的应力环境进行

无创实时检测的原理与方法，更无法对其应力环境进行实时控制。临床上手术医

生加压的不可知性和不可控性导致骨折愈合的速度及质量无法保证。

基于以上研究背景，本学位论文依托于国家自然科学基金项目“骨折愈合中

创伤断面应力环境的实时测控机理与实验研究”（编号：50975179），论文的主要

工作是设计用于骨折创伤断面应力测量的微型二维应力传感器，并进行实验研究，

论文的主要研究成果如下：

1) 对骨折愈合的生物力学机理和骨外固定器进行了阐述，总结了骨骼创伤断

面应力测量的方法，分析了骨折测力传感器的研究现状，提出了骨折创伤断面应

力的无创传感检测与控制机理，设计了骨折创伤断面应力的无创传感检测与控制

系统。

2) 根据骨折应力无创传感检测系统中对轴向拉压力和径向剪切力同时测量的

要求，设计了基于 E型圆膜片式结构的骨骼二维力传感器弹性体，建立了弹性体

的力学模型，求解了弹性体在轴向拉压力和径向剪切力作用下的应力应变解析解，

并根据叠加原理获得了合力作用下的应力应变解析解。

3) 建立了传感器弹性体有限元模型，分别分析了弹性体在轴向拉压力、径向

剪切力和合力作用下的应变变化情况，并根据有限元的求解结果，验证了理论模

型中叠加原理的正确性。将理论模型所求得的应变计算结果和有限元模型所求得

的应变计算结果进行了比较，验证了理论模型的正确性，为传感器的贴片位置和

组桥方式提供了依据。

4) 基于弹性体的理论模型，对弹性体的内外半径比和厚度这 2个主要结构尺

寸进行了优化。内外半径比的优化目标为传感器的灵敏度，厚度的优化目标为传

感器的线性度，得到了传感器的主要结构尺寸；根据理论模型和有限元模型的分

析结果，研究了应变片在弹性体上的贴片位置和组桥方式，并通过这种组桥方式

实现了对骨骼二维力传感器的解耦。

5) 研制了传感器的标定装置，标定装置可以实现对轴向拉压力和径向剪切力

的标定；在研究分析传统矩阵解耦法的基础上，提出了一种基于灰色系统理论的

传感器静态解耦方法。

6) 运用所设计的标定装置和动态应变仪对骨骼二维力传感器进行了标定，获

得了标定数据，并运用

(0,2)GM

模型对骨骼二维力传感器进行了解耦；基于标定结

果计算了骨骼二维力传感器的静态性能指标。运用有限元分析法对传感器进行了

模态分析，求出了骨骼二维力传感器的工作频率范围；运用所设计的检测与控制

系统对离体骨骼进行了实验研究，获得了预期的结果。

关键词：骨骼二维力传感器有限元无创传感检测解耦

实验研究

ABSTRACT

For a long time, clinical orthopedics has been facing the problem of consolidation

tardive and nonunion; the root cause of this phenomenon is the lack of real-time

detection and accurate control over the stress environment of living skeleton injury

cross-section. As the stress environment of fracture cross-section is complex, at present

there is no effective non-invasive real-time detection principle and method for testing

the stress environment of fracture trauma cross-section, let alone real-time control of its

stress environment. Clinically, the unknowable and uncontrollable pressure that the

surgeon exerts on the bone cause the speed and quality of fracture healing can not be

guaranteed.

Based on the above background, this M. S. Dissertation relies on the Natural

Science Foundation of China project “real-time monitoring and control mechanism for

trauma section stress environment and experimental research in fracture healing”(No.:

50975179). The main work of this paper is the design of a micro two-dimensional stress

sensor which used for stress measurement on the fracture trauma section, and to conduct

experimental research including bone trauma section stress test and control mechanism

research. The major research achievements of this dissertation are as follows:

1) Biomechanics mechanism of fracture healing and bone external fixation are

described in this paper, summarizes the bone trauma section stress measurement method,

analyzes the research status of fracture strain sensor, non-invasive sensing detection and

control mechanism for the stress of bone trauma section has been proposed,

non-invasive sensing detection and control system of bone stress has been designed.

2) According to the requirements that the fracture stress non-invasive sensing

detection system needs to achieve the simultaneous measurement of the axial pull

pressure and radial shear force, the elastomer of the two-dimensional bone force sensor

based on E-type round diaphragm structure has been designed. The mechanical model

of the elastomer has been established, the stress and strain analytic solution of elastomer

under the action of axial pull pressure and radial shear force has been solved, and the

stress and strain analytic solutions under the action of resultant force also has been

obtained according to the superposition principle.

3) Established the finite element model of the sensor elastic body, respectively

analyzed the strain change of the elastic body under the action of axial pull pressure,

radial shear force and resultant force, and verified the correctness of the superposition

principle in the theoretical model according to the finite element solution results. Then

the obtained strain calculated results of the theoretical model and that of the finite

element model were compared to verify the correctness of the theoretical model, and

provided foundation for strain gauge patch position and bridging form as well.

4) Based on the theoretical model, the main structure dimensions--inner and outer

radius ratio and thickness of the elastic body-- has been optimized, the optimization

target of internal and external radius is the sensitivity of the sensor, and the optimization

goal of the thickness is linearity, thereby the major structural dimensions of the sensor

were obtained. According to the theory model and finite element model analysis results,

studied the strain gauge patch position and bridging form, through which completed the

decoupling of the two-dimensional bone force sensor.

5) Developed the calibration device of the sensor, which can realize the calibration

of the axial pull pressure and radial shear force; analyzed the traditional matrix

decoupling method. Proposed a new sensor static decoupling method based on the grey

system theory on the basis of the research and analysis of the traditional matrix

decoupling method.

6) Realized the calibration of the two-dimensional bone force sensor using the

designed calibration device and dynamic strain gauge, and obtained calibration data, the

two-dimensional bone force sensor was decoupled using the GM (0, 2) model. Based on

the result of calibration, the static performance index of the two-dimensional skeletal

force sensor was calculated. And the modal analysis of the sensor was done by finite

element method, figured out the working frequency range of the two-dimensional

skeleton force sensor. In vitro skeleton was investigated using the designed detection

and control system, and we got the expected results.

Keywords: two-dimensional bone force sensor, finite element method,

non-invasive sensing detection, decoupling, experimental

research

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

第一章绪论 ................................................................................................................ 1

§1.1 课题来源 ........................................................................................................... 1

§1.2 骨折愈合的生物力学机理与骨外固定器 ....................................................... 1

§1.2.1 骨折愈合的生物力学机理 ..................................................................... 1

§1.2.2 骨外固定器 ............................................................................................. 2

§1.3 骨骼创伤断面的应力测量 ............................................................................... 4

§1.4 骨折测力传感器 ............................................................................................... 8

§1.5 本学位论文的研究目的和意义 ...................................................................... 11

§1.6 主要研究内容 ................................................................................................. 12

第二章骨骼应力无创传感检测与控制系统设计 ...................................................... 13

§2.1 引言 ................................................................................................................. 13

§2.2 骨骼应力无创传感检测与控制原理 ............................................................. 13

§2.3 骨骼应力无创传感检测系统设计 ................................................................. 14

§2.4 骨骼应力控制系统设计 ................................................................................. 15

§2.5 骨骼创伤断面的受力模型及其分析 ............................................................. 16

§2.5.1 轴向拉压力作用时骨骼的受力模型 ................................................... 16

§2.5.2 径向剪切力作用时骨骼的力学模型 .................................................. 19

§2.6 本章小结 ......................................................................................................... 24

第三章传感器的设计及弹性体的理论模型 .............................................................. 26

§3.1 引言 ................................................................................................................ 26

§3.2 骨骼二维力传感器的弹性体设计 ................................................................. 26

§3.3 E 型弹性体的力学模型 .................................................................................. 28

§3.4 E 型弹性敏感元件的数学模型 ...................................................................... 28

§3.4.1 轴向拉压力

单独作用下 E型膜片的应力应变分析 ..................... 33

§3.4.2 径向剪切力

作用下

型膜片应力应变分析 ................................. 34

§3.5 叠加原理 ......................................................................................................... 38

§3.5.1 叠加原理的公式推导 ........................................................................... 39

§3.5.2 合力的应力应变解析解 ....................................................................... 40

§3.6 本章小结 ......................................................................................................... 41

第四章传感器弹性体的有限元分析 .......................................................................... 42

§4.1 引言 ................................................................................................................. 42

§4.2 弹性体有限元模型的建立及网格划分 ......................................................... 42

§4.2.1 弹性体有限元模型的建立 ................................................................... 42

§4.2.2 弹性体有限元模型的网格划分 ........................................................... 44

§4.2.3 施加载荷与约束 ................................................................................... 45

§4.3 轴向拉压力作用下弹性体有限元分析 ......................................................... 45

§4.3.1 轴向拉压力作用下弹性体整体应变分析 ........................................... 45

§4.3.2 轴向拉压力作用下弹性体等半径处的应变分析 ............................... 46

§4.3.3 轴向力作用下弹性体直径方向上应变分析 ....................................... 47

§4.4 径向剪切力作用下弹性体有限元分析 ......................................................... 49

§4.4.1 径向剪切力作用下弹性体整体应变分析 ........................................... 49

§4.4.2 径向剪切力作用下弹性体等半径处应变分析 ................................... 50

§4.4.3 径向剪切力作用下弹性体直径方向上应变分析 ............................... 51

§4.5 合力作用下弹性体应变分析 ......................................................................... 53

§4.5.1 合力作用下弹性体整体应变分析 ....................................................... 53

§4.5.2 合力作用下弹性体等半径处应变分析 ............................................... 54

§4.5.3 合力作用下弹性体直径方向上应变分析 ........................................... 54

§4.5.4 叠加原理的验证 ................................................................................... 55

§4.6 理论模型和有限元模型的比较 ..................................................................... 56

§4.7 本章小结 ......................................................................................................... 58

第五章弹性体尺寸的优化及传感器的贴片 .............................................................. 59

§5.1 引言 ................................................................................................................. 59

§5.2 传感器尺寸的优化 ......................................................................................... 60

§5.2.1 传感器材料的选用 .............................................................................. 60

§5.2.2 弹性体主要的结构尺寸优化 ............................................................... 61

§5.2.2.1 传感器内外圆半径比

的优化 .................................................... 61

§5.2.2.2 传感器厚度 h的优化 ........................................................................ 63

§5.3 弹性体的理论应力应变 ................................................................................. 65

§5.3.1 轴向拉压力

作用下弹性体的应力变化 ........................................... 65

§5.3.2 径向剪切力

作用下弹性体的应力变化 ......................................... 67

§5.3.3 轴向拉压力

作用下弹性体的应变变化 .......................................... 69

§5.3.4 径向剪切力

单独作用下弹性体的应变变化 .................................. 70

§5.3.5 合力作用下弹性体的应力应变 ........................................................... 72

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摘要：

摘要长期以来，骨折延迟愈合与骨不连一直是临床骨科面临的难题，造成这一现象的根本原因是缺乏对活体骨骼创伤断面应力环境的实时检测与精确控制。骨折创伤断面的应力环境比较复杂，目前尚无有效的对骨折创伤断面的应力环境进行无创实时检测的原理与方法，更无法对其应力环境进行实时控制。临床上手术医生加压的不可知性和不可控性导致骨折愈合的速度及质量无法保证。基于以上研究背景，本学位论文依托于国家自然科学基金项目“骨折愈合中创伤断面应力环境的实时测控机理与实验研究”（编号：50975179），论文的主要工作是设计用于骨折创伤断面应力测量的微型二维应力传感器，并进行实验研究，论文的主要研究成果如下：1)对骨折愈合的生...

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