顺应论及《红楼梦》人物会话研究

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3.0 高德中 2024-11-19 5 4 658.2KB 61 页 15积分

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Abstract

In 1987, Verschueren put forward Adaptation Theory in his paper Pragmatics as a

Theory of Linguistic Adaptation, which is considered as a new perspective to analyze

the language use. In his later work Understanding Pragmatics, he further improved this

theory. Since the Adaptation Theory comes into being, it has brought about great

influence in the field of Pragmatics. Verschueren holds that language use is a process of

continuously making choices, and the reason that language users are able to make

various appropriate choices when they use languages lies in that language has the

properties of variability, negotiability and adaptability. The language use can be

analyzed and explained from four aspects, i.e. contextual adaptation, linguistic structural

adaptation, the dynamics of adaptation and the salience of adaptation process.

Since the first time Adaptation Theory was introduced to China, many researchers

and scholars has applied this theory to many fields such as translation, speech acts, the

appreciation of literary works, and so on. Although some scholars employed Adaptation

Theory to analyze character’s dialogues in literary works, the related studies are fewer.

And within these limited studies, most of them are conducted merely from the

perspective of contextual adaptation, which neglect the other two perspectives:

linguistic structural adaptation and strategic adaptation in communicative process.

Therefore, the present research tries to analyze character’s dialogues in literary works

from a new perspective and in an overall way, i.e. the author conducts her research from

linguistic structural adaptation, contextual adaptation and strategic adaptation, aiming at

explaining that the choices of dialogues are influenced by linguistic structure, contexts

and cognitive factors of language users so as to prove the explanatory power of

Adaptation Theory in terms of analyzing character’s dialogues in literary works.

As a classical literary work, A Dream of Red Mansions has been the favor of many

researchers and scholars for its extraordinary language arts which is beyond comparison.

Character’s dialogues are the essential part of this work, and they almost occupy half

the length of this work, thus studies on character’s dialogues in A Dream of Red

Mansions become the focus of language studies about this literary work. Character’s

dialogues belong to verbal communication; communicators need to adopt different

strategies to achieve their communicative purposes. The complicated relationships

iii

among characters make dialogues in this work unusually colorful, and language styles

of them are also widely different. Previous studies on character’s dialogues in A Dream

of Red Mansions mainly lay their stress on their language styles, individuality of

languages, the rhetorical arts of languages such as metaphor; while the present study

tries to investigate dialogues from a completely new perspective Adaptation Theory.

This thesis adopts Adaptation Theory as its theoretical foundation to illustrate that

character’s dialogues in A Dream of Red Mansions is a process of making linguistic

choices so as to fulfill the communicative purposes. These linguistic choices can occur

at any linguistic structural level, such as at lexical and syntactic levels, which not only

adapt to the context which includes mental world, social world and physical world, but

also relate to language user’s cognition. Hopefully this thesis can prove the explanatory

power of Adaptation Theory to analyzing character’s dialogues in literary works.

Key words: Adaptation Theory, A Dream of Red Mansions,

Character’s Dialogues

摘要

1987年，verschueren在P

ragmatics as a Theory of Linguistic Adaptation

一文中提出顺应论，以新的视角分析语言使用。在后来的著作

Understanding

Pragmatics

中，他进一步完善了顺应论。该理论问世后，在语用学界引起了强烈

的反应。Verschueren的顺应论认为，使用语言是一个不断地选择语言的过程。语

言使用者之所以能够在使用语言的过程中做出种种恰当的选择，是因为语言具有

变异性、商讨性和顺应性。语言的使用可以从四个方面描述和解释，即语境关系

的顺应、语言结构的顺应、顺应的动态性和顺应的意识程度。

该理论被介绍到中国之后，被许多学者用在翻译领域、语言行为和文学作品

赏析等领域。尽管一些学者也将其运用到文学作品中人物会话分析这一领域，但

在这一领域的研究相对较少。而在为数不多的这一领域的研究中，大多数学者主

要是从语境关系顺应角度来分析，并没有提及语言结构顺应以及话语交际过程中

策略的顺应。因此，本来试图从一个更全面的视角来分析文学作品中的人物会话，

即同时从语言结构顺应、语境关系顺应和策略性顺应三个方面进行分析，旨在解

释人物会话中语言的选择是深受语言结构、语境和认知心理因素的影响，试图论

证顺应论对文学作品中人物会话有解释力。

《红楼梦》是经典的文学作品，它以无以伦比的语言艺术赢得了越来越多研

究者的青睐。人物语言是《红楼梦》语言的核心部分，它几乎占了整部小说将近

一半的篇幅，因此人物语言的研究成了新时期《红楼梦》语言研究的焦点部分。

人物会话属于言语交际，交际者需要采取不同的交际策略以实现交际目的，而且

人物关系的复杂性也使红楼梦里面的会话精彩纷呈，不同的人物所用的语言更是

风格迥异。以往对于《红楼梦》人物语言的研究主要侧重于语言风格、语言的个

性化，语言的修辞艺术（例如比喻），而本文试图从一个全新的视角顺应论来研

究《红楼梦》中人物会话。

本文以顺应论为基础建立一个人物会话分析框架，来分析《红楼梦》人物会

话的语言使用是一种为实现交际目的而不断进行语言选择的过程。这些语言选择

出现在语言结构的任何层面(比如词汇、句型和语意层面)，不但与语境（包括心

理世界、社交世界和物理世界)相顺应，而且深受语言使用者认知心理的影响。希

望通过分析，可以验证顺应论对文学作品中人物会话的解释力。

关键词：顺应论红楼梦人物会话

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................i

Abstract .............................................................................................................................ii

摘要................................................................................................................................. iv

Chapter One Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Motivation of the Study ....................................................................................... 1

1.2 Methodology and Data Collection ....................................................................... 2

1.3 Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................... 3

Chapter Two Literature Review ........................................................................................5

2.1 Previous Studies on Dialogues in A Dream of Red Mansions ............................. 5

2.1.1 Politeness Principle and Dialogues in A Dream of Red Mansions .............5

2.1.2 The Creative Use of Language and Dialogues in A Dream of Red

Mansions ............................................................................................................. 7

2.1.3 Literary Criticism and Dialogues in A Dream of Red Mansions ............... 8

2.2 Previous Studies Relating to Adaptation Theory ............................................... 10

2.2.1 Adaptation Theory and Translation ..........................................................10

2.2.2 Adaptation Theory and Speech Acts ........................................................ 11

2.2.3 Adaptation Theory and Literary Appreciation ......................................... 12

2.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 13

Chapter Three Adaptation Theory ...................................................................................14

3.1 Key Notions of Adaptation Theory .................................................................... 14

3.2 Theory of Adaptation ......................................................................................... 15

3.2.1 Structural Adaptability ............................................................................. 16

3.2.2 Contextual Adaptability ........................................................................... 17

3.2.3 The Dynamics of Adaptability ................................................................. 19

3.2.4 The Salience of Adaptation Processes ..................................................... 20

3.3 The Theoretical Framework of This Thesis ....................................................... 21

Chapter Four Analysis of Dialogues in A Dream of Red Mansions ................................24

4.1 Linguistic Structural Adaptation ........................................................................ 24

4.1.1 Structural Adaptation at Lexical Level .................................................... 24

4.1.2 Structural Adaptation at Syntactic Level ................................................. 26

4.1.3 Structural Adaptation at Semantic Level ................................................. 28

4.2 Contextual Adaptation ....................................................................................... 30

4.2.1 Adaptation to the Mental World ...............................................................30

4.2.1.1. Motivation-driven Adaptation .......................................................31

4.2.1.2 Personality-driven Adaptation ....................................................... 32

4.2.1.3 Beliefs-driven Adaptation .............................................................. 34

4.2.2 Adaptation to the Social World ................................................................ 35

4.2.2.1 Adaptation to Authority and Dependence ...................................... 36

4.2.2.2 Adaptation to Relationships of Closeness ...................................... 39

4.2.2.3 Adaptation to Social Cultural Norms ............................................. 42

4.2.3 Adaptation to the Physical World .............................................................43

4.2.3.1 Adaptation to Temporal Reference .................................................43

4.2.3.2 Adaptation to Spatial Reference .....................................................45

4.3 The strategic adaptation ..................................................................................... 48

4.3.1 Strategic Adaptation Related to One’s Character .....................................48

4.3.2 Strategic Adaptation Related to Acting Styles ......................................... 49

4.4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 51

Chapter Five Conclusion .................................................................................................52

Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 54

在读期间公开发表的论文 .............................................................................................57

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Motivation of the Study

ShenYunjia(2005) analyzes Lin Daiyu’s language(Lin Daiyu is a character of A

Dream of Red Mansions) by applying Adaptation Theory. After analyzing Lin Daiyu’s

three utterances, ‘嗳哟,我来的不巧了’(Ah! I’ve chosen a bad time to come.), ‘你从此

可都改了罢’ (Never do such things again), ‘我就知道,别人不挑剩下的也不给我’ (I

might have known. I wouldn’t get mine till the others had taken their pick), he states

that the three utterances are adaptable with the context loosely. He concludes that all the

people are practicing Adaptation Theory consciously or unconsciously and

silver-tongued Lin is an outstanding representative undoubtedly.

However, he neither makes a distinction between social world and mental world as

well as physical world, nor explains how these utterances adapt to the contexts, let alone

what kind of context being adapted.

Then Shen Chunhua (2008) also analyzes Lin Daiyu’s language in response to

ShenYunjia’s fuzziness. He explores the verbal adaptation of communicative contexts

from the aspects of the mental and social world. He hopes that his endeavor will

facilitate further understanding of Lin Daiyu’s unique personality, and thus enhance his

ability to interpret and appreciate literary works.

Nevertheless, he just explores Lin’s dialogues from the mental and social world of

communicative contexts, and concludes that Lin’s dialogues are coincident with her ice

wearing character, her belief of unique love with Baoyu as well as her social principle

depending on her own feeling. He also fails to explain how Lin’s dialogues adapt to the

mental and social world of the context.

Although their studies are not comprehensive, it is worthy of affirmation that they

apply Adaptation Theory to analyze the language in literary works, because Adaptation

Theory can provide a completely new perspective to explain language use.

Since there is still space to further study on dialogues in literary works, the present

study tends to make a more comprehensive analysis to character’s dialogues in A Dream

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摘要：

iiAbstractIn1987,VerschuerenputforwardAdaptationTheoryinhispaperPragmaticsasaTheoryofLinguisticAdaptation,whichisconsideredasanewperspectivetoanalyzethelanguageuse.InhislaterworkUnderstandingPragmatics,hefurtherimprovedthistheory.SincetheAdaptationTheorycomesintobeing,ithasbroughtaboutgreatinfluence...

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