数控剪刃磨床控制系统的开发与研究

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3.0 高德中 2024-11-19 5 4 839.15KB 55 页 15积分
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摘 要
本课主要对数控剪刃磨床的控制系统进行了开发与研究,针对现有的产品
进行了改进,主要解决了非圆曲线工件的磨削,Profibus 总线的运用,双通道技术
的运用,用户自定义画面的设计,以及控制系统全闭环。
剪刃磨床用于磨削各种剪刀刃,一般比较简单的形状如直线或圆弧,编程通
过简单的数控指令即可实现,但如果是比较复杂的非圆曲线如抛物线等,就无法
直接用数控指令实现,本文通过等误差直线逼近法实现了非圆曲线的磨削。
Profibus 总线技术是一种国际化、开放的现场总线标准,广泛适用于制造业自
动化等领域。本文通过对西门子 MM440 变频器 Profibus 总线模块的研究,实现了
MM440 变频器同西门子 840D 数控相互的通讯,不仅大大简化了硬件的接线,而
且使变频器同数控系统成为一个整体。
高速强力磨削是当前磨削技术发展的主要趋势。本文介绍了高速强力磨削的
特点及其关键技术,并提出了其相应的解决方法。针对可能产生的突发情况,如
机床突然断电或磨削时电流的过载时,PLC 快速的处理实现砂轮快速自动上升,
通过电气实现对机床及操作者的保护。为提高该机床的精度,可以配备光栅尺来
实现全闭环,本文介绍了海德汉的距离光栅的原理以及相关数控参数的配置。
数控领域目前使用的控制系统一般为通用型,但对一些特殊的机床如磨床等
都要有自己的专用界面,这样才便于对设备进行操作和管理。本文使用了 VB,对
系统进行了二次开发,同时利用西门子 OEM 提供的 DDE 接口,对系统的变量进
行访问。同时为了提高加工效率,本机床采用了数控双通道技术,可以实现边修
边磨。
关键词:等误差法节点高速强力磨削Profibus 总线双通道
ABSTRACT
The topics is mainly on the development and research on blades CNC grinder control
system. It improves on solutions to existing problems such as the non-circular curve of
the workpiece grinding, using of Profibus bus,using of dual-channel
technology,designing of user-define screen,and realization of the whole closed-loop
control system.
Shear blade grinder is for grinding a variety of scissors' edge. Generally for relatively
simple shapes such as straight lines or arcs, it can be realized through programming a
simple numerical control commands. For more complex non-circular curve such as
parabolas, there is no implementation through direct NC instruction. This paper will
achieve grinding non-circular curves by means of equal-error linear approximation
method.
Profibus technology is an international, open fieldbus standard, widely used in
manufacturing automation and other fields. In this paper, through the study of Siemens
MM440 transducer's Profibus module, we will achieve communication between
MM440 transducer and Siemens 840D CNC, which not only greatly simplifies the
hardware connection, but also makes the transducer and the numerical control system as
a whole.
High-Speed Grinding is the current major trends in the development of grinding
technology. This article describes the powerful high-speed grinding characteristics and
key technologies, and put forward the corresponding solutions. For possible
contingencies, such as a sudden power outage or a grinding machine current overload,
PLC will quickly make grinding wheel automatically rising rapidly to realize the
protection to machine and operator. To improve the accuracy of the machine,it can be
realized with equipping with optical grating to achieve the full closed-loop. This article
describes principle of the HEIDENHAIN's distance grating and related numerical
parameter configuration.
In CNC control system field currently,generally universal is commonly used. But for
some special machine tools, such as grinders, it is required to have its own dedicated
interface, whick makes it easy to operate and manage the device. This article uses the
VB to achieve the redevelopment of system, and realize visiting the system through
DDE interface provided by Siemens OEM. Meanwhile, in order to improve processing
efficiency, the machine tool uses numerical control dual-channel technology, to realize
grinding while trimming.
Key Wordequal-error method, node, powerful high-speed grinding,
Profibus, dual-channel
目 录
摘 要
ABSTRACT
目 录
第一章 绪论 ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 课题产生的原因 ············································································································· 1
1.2 课题的意义 ····················································································································· 1
1.3 课题所要研究的内容及实施方案 ·················································································· 2
第二章 曲线磨削中的数学问题 ................................................................................. 5
2.1 节点的概念 ····················································································································· 5
2.2 等误差法直线插补逼近非圆曲线节点的计算 ······························································· 6
2.3 VB 程序的编制 ················································································································ 9
第三章 高速强力磨削的实现 ................................................................................... 13
3.1 高速磨削 ························································································································ 13
3.1.1 什么是高速磨削 .................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 实现高速磨削必须采取的措施 ............................................................................ 14
3.2 强力磨削 ························································································································ 15
3.2.1 强力磨削的特点 .................................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 强力磨削时应考虑的关键技术 ............................................................................ 17
第四章 PROFIBUS 总线的运用 ............................................................................... 21
4.1 PROFIBUS 总线技术简介 ···························································································· 21
4.2 PROFIBUS-DP 总线技术的运用 ················································································· 24
4.2.1 系统的安装要求 .................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 系统的设置 ............................................................................................................ 24
第五章 机床控制系统的设计 ................................................................................... 35
5.1 西门子 840D 数控系统双通道功能 ·············································································· 35
5.1.1 双通道的定义及特点 ............................................................................................ 35
5.1.2 双通道的参数设置 ................................................................................................ 35
5.1.3 双通道的程序控制 ................................................................................................ 37
5.2 西门子 840D OEM 画面的开发 ···················································································· 39
5.2.1 什么是 OEM 画面 ................................................................................................. 39
5.2.2 OEM 面的创建 .................................................................................................. 40
5.3 全闭环的实现及误差补偿 ····························································································· 44
5.4 机床断电急退 ················································································································ 47
第六章 总结 ............................................................................................................... 49
参考文献 ..................................................................................................................... 51
在读期间公开发表的论文和承担科研项目及取得成果 ......................................... 53
致谢 ............................................................................................................................. 55
第一章绪论
1
第一章 绪论
1.1 课题产生的原因
数控剪刃磨床主要是用于磨削各种轧机剪刃、平整机剪刃,也可以磨削各种
平面、连杆、阶梯轴以及各种曲面。机械部分采用双立柱结构,机床的系统刚性
好,磨头主轴采用动静压轴承,机床床身-工作台导轨采用液压卸荷润滑,工作台
导轨贴塑,电磁吸盘磁力可调。电气采用西门子 840D 数控系统,系统带三根轴,
没有修整器轴,砂轮主轴采用西门子 MM440 交流变频调速。
该数控剪刃磨床的主要特点及不足之处如下:
该机床采用西门子 840D 数控系统,共有 XYZ三轴 。X为个工作台纵向
移动,Y轴为砂轮磨头垂直移动,Z轴为砂轮磨头横向进出移动。三轴均不带光栅
尺,为半闭环控制,控制精度不是很高。
只能磨削简单平面,不能磨削复杂的形状如各种非圆曲面。
砂轮磨头采用变频器控制,可以实现砂轮恒线速,但是变频器与数控系统之
间没有通讯,只是通过变频器的模拟、数字输入输出口和数控系统 PLC 输入输出
口进行连接。
机床画面为西门子原始画面,设定加工参数只能在 R参数中设定。用户无法
直观了解该参数的意义,只能结合说明书设定。
机床无断电保护功能,如果突然断电,砂轮不能马上脱离工件,可能会造成
工件报废和对人身造成伤害。
本课题就是想解决以上几个问题,并对原有的功能进行完善。
1.2 课题的意义
目前国内外该类型机床,一般采用西门子或发那科数控系统,特点如下:
1.机床轴数:a采用三根轴,是标准的配置。b采用两轴,台面移动控制采用液
压。c.采用五轴,增加两根砂轮修整轴,可以实现边修边磨,并且砂轮修整
量可以通过系统进行补偿,大大提高加工效率。
2.高效率是国内外机械加工的主要发展方向之一。提高效率的重要方法,是提
高切削,磨削速度及增大进给量。目前正朝着高速度磨削、强力磨削,高速
强力磨削的方向发展。
3.通过数控指令可以对砂轮进行成型修整,可以把砂轮修成各种形状,并且通
XY轴的插补可以进行各种曲面的磨削。
数控剪刃磨床控制系统的开发与研究
2
4.国外机床一般各个伺服轴通过增加光栅尺实现全闭环控制,并进行双向螺距
误差补偿提高精度。
5.砂轮磨头通过变频器控制实现砂轮恒线速调速。并且变频器通过 PROFIBUS
总线可以与数控系统进行通讯。
6.数控系统可以编制各种用户画面。所谓“用户画面”就是在系统标准界面的
基础上开发的画面,它的作用是方便用户操作机床,方便用户维修机床,使
得系统如同定制一般。 现在国外机床厂家大多都有自己开发的画面。
7.因为国内电网不大稳定,所以现在国内机床一般都增加了断电保护功能,如果
突然断电,数控系统和驱动不会马上断电,使砂轮马上脱离工件,避免了工
件的报废和对人身的伤害。
1.3 课题所要研究的内容及实施方案
1 机床采用西门子 840D 五轴数控系统,其中 XYZ 为加工轴,处于第一通道,
UW 轴为修整轴处于第二通道。两个通道互不干扰可以同时工作,既可以一
边磨工件,一边进行砂轮修整,并且通过数控系统对砂轮修整量进行补偿。
2 高速强力磨削:它与普通磨削相比,可以提高生效率 1-3 倍。由于磨削速度
的提高,工件表面在磨粒犁耕后所形成的隆起高度减小,因而使磨削的表面
粗糙度减小。砂轮的寿命提高 1倍左右。磨削力下降 40%左右,加工的精度
相应也提高。高速磨削必须采取的措施(1)使用高速砂轮; (2)使用高速主轴;
(3)改善冷却效果。强力磨削是指大进给量或大磨削深度,以提高金属去除率
的方法。
3 利用最小误差法进行曲线的拟合。最小误差法是一种数学优化技术,它通过
最小化误差的平方和找到一组数据的最佳函数匹配。 用最简的方法求得一
些绝对不可知的真值,而令误差平方之和为最小。 然后把这些坐标值通过 R
参数传送给程序,利用西门子数控系统自带的曲线表功能进行曲线的插补,
就可以对砂轮进行各种曲线的修整,也可以进行各种曲面的磨削。
4 各轴增加 HEIDENHAIN 光栅尺,进行全闭环控制,并且通过激光干涉仪对
每个轴进行测量,利用数控系统的 CEC 悬垂补偿功能对各轴进行补偿,提高
机床精度。
5 砂轮磨头采用西门子 MM440 变频器进行交流调速,并且增加 PROFIBUS
线模块,实现变频器和数控系统之间的相互通讯,通过数控指令对变频器进
行控制,如砂轮的启动、停止和砂轮恒线速控制。并且可以对变频器的运行
状态进行监控。
摘要:

  摘要本课题主要对数控剪刃磨床的控制系统进行了开发与研究,针对现有的产品进行了改进,主要解决了非圆曲线工件的磨削,Profibus总线的运用,双通道技术的运用,用户自定义画面的设计,以及控制系统全闭环。剪刃磨床用于磨削各种剪刀刃,一般比较简单的形状如直线或圆弧,编程通过简单的数控指令即可实现,但如果是比较复杂的非圆曲线如抛物线等,就无法直接用数控指令实现,本文通过等误差直线逼近法实现了非圆曲线的磨削。Profibus总线技术是一种国际化、开放的现场总线标准,广泛适用于制造业自动化等领域。本文通过对西门子MM440变频器Profibus总线模块的研究,实现了MM440变频器同西门子840D数控...

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作者:高德中 分类:高等教育资料 价格:15积分 属性:55 页 大小:839.15KB 格式:PDF 时间:2024-11-19

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