英语结果性构式中的动词语义分析

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Abstract

The study of lexical semantics and lexical representation has been increasingly

important in linguistics for the needs in natural language parsing (NLP), computer

science, and artificial intelligence (AI). It is required that the meanings of lexicon be

fully analyzed and, if possible, be decomposed in nearly primitive, so that the semantics

of language can be computable in a formal way.

The study of linguistics falls into, generally speaking, two categories, namely, the

formalism and the functionalism. In the formalist view, the study of language form

alone can reach the nature of language and meaning is thought as self-derived from

mental dictionary that is independent of language form. Therefore semantics does not

receive enough attention and even be nearly ignored. The functionalism sees language

function o as the basis of study. But functionalist approach toward semantics is mainly

theoretic which lacks of refined formal representations.

Taking the perspective of meaning-form interface, this paper probes into the

semantics of verbs in resultative constructions and then it attempts to offer a formalism

for the verb semantics in resultatives.

The paper begins with a general survey of traditional semantics, mainly about the

advantages and disadvantages in componential analysis (CA) approach. The author also

talks about the influence of cognitive science on the study of meaning. Then the paper

has a multi-dimensional view on the modern semantics, which leads to the perspective

of this research.

The paper then investigates the approaches in lexical semantics and lexical

representation in detail. With the introduction of the new development in lexical

semantics, the paper mainly discusses Frame Semantics, Semantic Structure theory, and

Construction Grammar. With respect to lexical representation, the paper probes into the

formalism of HPSG theory. But the HPSG formalism in this paper is incorporated with

Davis’ inheritance lexical semantics. The paper attempts to makes use of the models

offered in relevant theories to reach an elaborate analysis of study of word meanings

and then find out comprehensive way for the representation for lexical semantics.

Then the paper goes on lengths discussing the relationship between semantics and

syntax. With the notions of thematic roles and argument structure, the paper illustrates

how semantic properties will shed constraints on their syntactic structures. Of course,

the discussion will be mainly focused on the scope of semantics and structures of

resultative constructions.

The issues of verb semantics in resultative constructions are taken in detail in the

following parts. It first gives a more thorough study on resultatives and then makes a

comparison on the latest classifications on resultatives by scholars. Based on the

categorization conducted by distinguished scholars, the paper gives a general

representation for the verb semantics in each subcase of resultative constructions.

Next, the paper includes the pragmatic aspect of lexical semantic study in

resultative constructions. Constructionists argue that their study is a unified approach of

form, semantics and pragmatic property of language, but doubts still remain on whether

pragmatic property has been dealt with in the real sense. This chapter just offers a

tentative look in general.

The paper concludes at a highlightened statement that the study of verb semantics

in resultative constructions has produced fruitful results to lexical semantics and lexical

representation, despite the small flaws of the theories applied in this paper.

Key words:

lexical semantics, lexical representation, semantic structure,

resultative construction

中文摘要

随着自然语言处理(NLP)、计算机科学、人工智能(AI)等学科的发展，使得词

汇语义学和词汇表征的研究日益重要。这就要求对词汇的意义进行完整的分析，

并尽可能地将之分解成为最小元素，从而使语言的语义能够从形式上得到计算或

组合。

当前的语言学研究基本上可以分为两种途径，即形式主义的研究和功能主义

的研究。从形式主义来看，语言形式研究本身就可以揭示语言的本质，而语义是

通过独立于语言形式的大脑词典(mental dictionary)自动获得，因此就使得语义学

未得到足够的重视，甚至基本被忽略。功能主义学派把语言的功能，即语言的实

际使用作为研究的基础和出发点。但功能主义的研究多是理论上的，缺乏语义的

细致的形式表述。

本论文从语言的形式－意义界面角度出发，对结果性构式中的动词语义进行

分析，探求对该语义的进行形式表征的方法。

文章首先简要介绍了传统的语义理论，主要是词汇的语义成分分析论的长处

和不足。作者同时谈到认知科学对语义研究的影响。接着介绍当前语义研究多维

度的特点，从而引出本文的视角。

然后文章详细讨论了词汇语义学和词汇表征的有关理论。重点是介绍了对词

汇语义学的发展有重大推动作用的几种理论，主要是框架语义学(Frame

Semantics), 语义结构理论 (Semantic Structure theory) 和构式语法(Construction

Grammar)。在词汇表征方面，重点介绍了中心词驱动短语结构语法(Head-Driven

Phrase Structure Grammar, HPSG)理论及其表征方法。但本文所运用的 HPSG 方法

是结合了 Davis 的传承关系词汇语义学理论的。文章综合几种理论之长，试图通

过相关模型的综合运用，达到对词汇语义的细致分析，同时实现较为完整的词汇

语义表征方法。

文章接着详细论述语义和句法的关系。结合主题角色和题元结构理论，说明

了语义的某些特点对句法结构的限制。讨论主要集中在结果性构式的语义和结构

关系。

在下一章详细论述结果性构式中的动词语义分析和表征。首先详细分析了结

果性构式的性质和种类，重点是比较几位知名学者的分类方法。在他们的分类基

础上，文章对结果性构式作了总结。然后，对每一种结果性构式以属性-值矩阵

(attribute-value matrix, AVM)的形式给出了其动词的语义表征。

文章随后探讨了结果性构式的语用特点。虽然构式学派认为他们的研究已经

包含了语用学的研究，但是否真正意义上的语用研究尚有争议。本文尽对此进行

简单的试探性的讨论。

尽管在理论上的某些方面还有待改善，结果性构式中的动词语义分析及表征

具有丰富的现实意义。

关键词：词汇语义词汇表征语义结构结果性构式

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Abstract

中文摘要

Typographical Conventions ............................................................................................ i

Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

1.1. The starting point .............................................................................................2

1.2. Assumption and definition .............................................................................. 3

1.3. Chapter summaries .......................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2 A General Survey of Semantic Theories .................................................7

2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7

2.2 From Platonic theory to semantic triangle .......................................................7

2.3 Traditions on word meanings .......................................................................... 9

2.4 The Multi-dimensional Features of Modern Semantic Study ....................... 12

2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 3 Lexical Semantics and Lexical Representation ................................... 15

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Frame semantics ............................................................................................ 16

3.3 Semantic structure ......................................................................................... 22

3.4 The HPSG approach ...................................................................................... 25

3.5 Davis’ inheritance lexical semantics ..............................................................28

3.6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................31

Chapter 4 Semantics and Syntax ............................................................................ 33

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 33

4.2 From semantics to syntax: the Unaccusative Hypothesis ..............................34

4.3 Constructions: meaning and fore pairings .....................................................35

4.4 The Construction Grammar approach ........................................................... 35

4.5 Resultative constructions in Construction Grammar .....................................39

4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 42

Chapter 5 Verbs in Resultative Constructions .......................................................45

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 45

5.2 The traditional notion of resultative constructions ........................................45

5.3 Constraints on resultative constructions ........................................................46

5.4 Resultatives as a family and its categorization ..............................................50

5.5 Representations of the verb semantics in resultative constructions .............. 54

5.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 61

Chapter 6 The pragmatic properties of resultative constructions ....................... 63

Chapter 7 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 65

Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 69

Publications ..................................................................................................................73

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摘要：

AbstractThestudyoflexicalsemanticsandlexicalrepresentationhasbeenincreasinglyimportantinlinguisticsfortheneedsinnaturallanguageparsing(NLP),computerscience,andartificialintelligence(AI).Itisrequiredthatthemeaningsoflexiconbefullyanalyzedand,ifpossible,bedecomposedinnearlyprimitive,sothatthesemantics...

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