英语问候语的语用对比研究

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3.0 陈辉 2024-11-19 5 4 685.5KB 77 页 15积分
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ABSTRACT
This thesis provides a systematic contrastive analysis of English and Chinese
greetings. It aims to explore their common properties in language interaction, to
analyze both their similarities and differences in actual use, to find and solve the
cross-cultural communicative problems from the perspective of the use of greetings
and to present some suggestions to English teaching. Multiple sources such as literary
sources, participant observation and questionnaires were collected for data analysis.
Informants involved both English and Chinese speakers.
Through careful observation and a series of studies, the politeness and social
factors that constrain the use of greetings are confirmed. The thesis suggests that while
the principles governing politeness are universal, their realization is language-specific.
To find out differences in the choice of politeness maxims and overcome obstacles in
cross-cultural communication, this study makes a research on greetings in English and
Chinese in the light of Brown & Levinson’s (1978, 1987) Face Theory, Leech’s (1983)
Politeness Principle and Gu Yueguo’s (1992) Politeness Maxims.
The major findings of the study are as follows:
(1) In accordance with Face Theory, both English and Chinese greetings concern
about face. And people in both cultures are aware of face wants of others and try to
greet the addressee in a way of maintaining their negative face or enhancing their
positive face. But the strategies of fulfilling the purpose in different languages are
different.
(2) By applying Gu Yueguo’s Politeness Maxims and Leech’s Politeness Principle
to the study of English and Chinese greetings, their differences in pragmatic and
cultural values are discovered. The findings in the study support Gu’s view that
self-denigration and other-elevation remain unique and at the core of the modern
conception of “lǐmào (politeness)” in China.
(3) Some data of greetings in English and Chinese are analyzed. The mean
percentages of informants using greeting expressions to different types of addressees in
both languages are plotted out. The influence of social factor on the choice of greeting
expressions is confirmed. Based on the results of the experiment, we can come to the
conclusion that the cultural factors are a great cause to the differences between English
greetings and Chinese ones.
(4) Contrastive studies of address terms in English and Chinese greetings are
iii
conducted. The results show that both Chinese and English address terms follow Gu’s
Address Maxim. And Chinese address terms also prove Gu’s self-denigration maxim
and refinement maxim.
(5) Based upon the analysis of some problems concerning greetings in
intercultural communication, the need for further cross-cultural studies in speech
behaviors concerned with politeness is emphasized.
The contrastive study of the use of greeting speech behavior in English and
Chinese suggests the importance of understanding specific expressions of politeness in
different languages and the need for further studies in this area.
Key Words: Greeting, Face, Politeness Principle, Politeness Maxims
摘 要
本论文对英语和汉语的问候语进行系统对比分析，语料主要来自文学文本(包
括书面文学和口头文学)、参与性观察以及问卷调查。问卷调查的对象主要是母语
为英语的在华工作者和中国大学生。本研究的主要目的在于探索英汉问候语在语
言交际中的共性，分析英汉问候语在实际应用中的异同，对有关问候语常规用语
的表达差异和使用差异进行量化分析。另外，调查分析中国学生在使用英语问候
语过程中产生的语用失误及其对英语教学的启示。
通过仔细观察和一系列研究，确定了制约问候语使用的语用因素。研究表明，
尽管礼貌原则具有普遍性，但是体现礼貌的语言形式则是因文化而异的。为了解
释英汉两种不同文化对于礼貌原则选择的差异，以克服跨文化交际障碍，本论文
以Brown & Levinson (1978, 1987) 的面子理论 (Face Theory)、Leech (1983)的礼貌
原则 (Politeness Principle) 和顾曰国(1992)的礼貌准则 (Politeness Maxims)为基
础，对英汉问候语进行了调查和研究。主要发现如下:
(1) 根据 Brown & Levinson 的面子理论可以看出英汉问候语均涉及到面子，
母语为英语和汉语的人谈话时都会顾及他人的面子并且问候时都会尽量维护他人
的消极面子或者增强他人的积极面子，但是实现的具体语言方式不同。
(2)结合顾曰国的礼貌准则与 Leech 的礼貌原则对英汉问候语语料进行比较，
结果证明了顾的观点：贬己尊人是中国特有的礼貌准则，并且仍是中国现代礼貌
观念的核心。
(3)对一些英汉问候语语料进行分析。描绘出受试者对不同的对象使用特别
问候语的平均百分比，确定社会因素对问候言语行为的制约作用，结果表明文化
因素是导致英汉问候语差异的重大原因。
(4)对英汉问候语中的称谓进行比较研究。结果表明，汉语问候语的称谓遵
循顾曰国的贬己尊人准则、称呼准则和文雅准则，英语问候语中的称谓虽然没有
汉语复杂，但是也遵循称呼准则，即使用贴切的称呼语。
(5) 对问候语的使用在跨文化交际中的实际问题的分析表明，有必要在体现
礼貌的言语行为方面展开深入的跨文化交际研究。
本文通过英汉对比分析和语言调查研究，指出不同语言的礼貌用语在表达形
式和实际使用方面的差异以及跨文化交际中容易出现的问题，从而进一步说明为
了促进不同语言和文化背景的人们的相互理解，有必要就语言对比进行深入研究。
关键词：问候语 面子 礼貌原则 礼貌准则
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii
摘 要 ............................................................................................................................ iv
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
§1.1 Background and Objectives ............................................................................1
§1.2 Methodology ...................................................................................................2
§1.2.1 Data Analysis ........................................................................................2
§1.2.2 Participant Observation ........................................................................ 2
§1.2.3 Probe ..................................................................................................... 2
§1.3 Outline of the Thesis .......................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Literature Review ...................................................................................... 4
§2.1 Previous Studies on Greetings ........................................................................ 4
§2.2 The Inner Structure of Greetings .................................................................... 5
§2.3 Varieties of Greetings in English and Chinese ............................................... 6
§2.3.1 Content Greetings ................................................................................. 6
§2.3.2 Temporary Greetings ............................................................................ 7
§2.3.3 Formality Greetings ..............................................................................8
§2.3.4 Setting Greetings .................................................................................. 9
§2.3.5 Orientation Greetings ..........................................................................10
§2.3.6 Native/Foreign Greetings ....................................................................11
§2.3.7 Passing/Engaging Greetings ............................................................... 12
§2.4 Summary .......................................................................................................13
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................15
§3.1 Speech Act Theory ........................................................................................15
§3.2 Politeness Theories ....................................................................................... 16
§3.2.1 Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory (FT) ...........................................17
§3.2.2 Leech’s Politeness Principle (PP) ....................................................... 19
§3.2.3 Gu’s Politeness Maxims (PM) ............................................................ 21
Chapter 4 The Use of Greetings ............................................................................... 24
§4.1 Politeness Strategy ........................................................................................24
§4. 2 Greeting Strategies ...................................................................................... 25
§4.3 Factors Affecting the Use of Greetings ........................................................ 27
§4.3.1 Social Factors ......................................................................................27
§4.3.2 Other Factors ...................................................................................... 31
§4.4 Differences in the Use of Greetings in English and Chinese ........................34
§4.4.1 Experiential Study of Questionnaires ................................................. 34
§4.4.2 Analysis of the Results ........................................................................34
§4.5 Summary .......................................................................................................38
Chapter 5 Cultural Differences Between Greetings in English and Chinese .......39
§5.1 Content and Situation ................................................................................... 39
§5.2 Addressivity .................................................................................................. 41
§5.2.1Various Use of Personal Pronouns .......................................................41
§5.2.2 Kinship Terms .....................................................................................42
§5.2.3 Honorific and Humble Terms of Address ...........................................45
§5.2.4 The Use of “lǎo (old)” in Address Terms ........................................... 47
§5.2.5 The Use of Professional Titles ............................................................47
§5.2.6 The Use of Social Titles ......................................................................49
§5.3 Problems of Chinese Students in Cross-Cultural Communication ...............50
§5.3.1 Procedural Method and Results .......................................................... 50
§5.3.2 Discussion and Analysis ..................................................................... 53
§5.4 Summary .......................................................................................................55
Chapter 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 57
§6.1 Major Findings ............................................................................................. 57
§6.2 Limitation of the Study .................................................................................58
§6.3 Suggestions ...................................................................................................59
§6.4 Summary .......................................................................................................60
Appendices ..................................................................................................................61
Bibliography ...............................................................................................................70
在读期间公开发表的论文 ......................................................................................... 73
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
§1.1 Background and Objectives
Greeting is a universal phenomenon of human language. Greetings exist in all
languages and are used in everyday encounters between people. Appearing to be
various and irregular in structure and function, greetings are in fact highly complex.
They can be used as extremely important strategies for the establishment and
maintenance of social relationships between participants in conversation. Schegloff &
Sacks (1973) and Shriffrin (1977) assume that greetings provide the means for opening
conversations appropriately. Goffman (1971) further states that they are means of
establishing, maintaining, and negotiating social relationships. And some social
linguists see greetings as “linguistic routines that form part of the repertoire of
politeness” (Laver, 1981:304).
Since greetings are universal, do greetings in different languages are the same or
similar in use? We can find the answer from what Dell Hymes says. Hymes (1962)
claims that anyone who has lived in two different countries knows that in different
countries people speak in different ways, not only because they use different linguistic
codes, involving different lexicons and different grammars, but also because their ways
of using the codes are different. Some of these differences are so stable and so
systematic that one cannot always draw a line between different codes and different
ways of using the code; or between different ‘grammars’ and different ‘ethnographies
of speaking’. It is also true for greetings. Although greetings have been studied in such
disciplines as sociology, anthropology, socio-linguistics and discourse analysis, there
has been few systematic investigation of their structure, function and use in and across
different languages. Since misunderstanding and misinterpretation can lead to feelings
of offence, insult or suspicion, much research needs to be undertaken in situations of
language contact, where appropriate language use is crucial.
The present study aims at an investigation in English and Chinese with a focus on
verbal greetings. Nonverbal greetings are excluded because of the limitation of data
collection. It tries to explore some common properties of greetings in English and
Chinese, and investigates the similarities and differences in their linguistic routines and
use. And finally it discusses problems of Chinese students in using English greetings
based on the questionnaire.
摘要：

ABSTRACTThisthesisprovidesasystematiccontrastiveanalysisofEnglishandChinesegreetings.Itaimstoexploretheircommonpropertiesinlanguageinteraction,toanalyzeboththeirsimilaritiesanddifferencesinactualuse,tofindandsolvethecross-culturalcommunicativeproblemsfromtheperspectiveoftheuseofgreetingsandtopresent...

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作者：陈辉 分类：高等教育资料 价格：15积分 属性：77 页 大小：685.5KB 格式：PDF 时间：2024-11-19

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